167 Mo. 471 | Mo. | 1902
This is an action on a benefit certificate for one thousand dollars, issued by the defendant, on October 4, 1895, to Katherine Kern, loss payable to her husband, the plaintiff. She died December 21, 1895. The plaintiff recovered in the circuit court and defendant appealed.
The defendant is a fraternal beneficial association organized under the laws of Massachusetts, having its principal office and its chief officers in Boston. It has lodges in various cities, among them Garratt Council No. 1071, located in St. Louis, of which the deceased became a member on October 4, 1895. She paid her dues and assessments to the collector of her said council in St. Louis and received the benefit certificate in that city, from the officers of said council. The defendant admits the membership of tire deceased and the issuance of the certificate (except it claims the contract was entered into in Massachusetts and not.in Missouri), and also admits the death. But it defends chiefly on three grounds: Eirst that the deceased made misrepresentations in her application for membership, and in her answers to the medical examiner, which avoid the policy, whether innocently or fraudulently made, because she warranted the truth of all she. then said, and further that such statements and answers were material and necessary to enable defendant to judge whether she was a fit person to become a member; that defendant did not know they were false and did not discover their falsity until after her death; that defendant relied solely upon her statements and answers, and that her admission to membership was procured by fraud; second, that under the laws of Massachusetts and under defendant’s charter and by-laws the policy is void because her husband is the beneficiary, which said laws and charter do not authorize; and third, because sections 5849 and 5850, Revised Statutes 1889, which provide that no misrepresentations in procuring a
The statements and answers referred to in the first defense are, that the deceased was ashed in her application for membership: “Have you ever had any severe illness ?” to which she replied, “No;” and further, “When last attended by a physician, and for what cause?” to which she replied, “Twenty years ago — Malaria;” and further, “Is there anything in your knowledge or belief, in your family or personal history, or habits tending to shorten your life, which is not distinctly set forth above ?” to which she replied, “No;” and that she was asked by the medical examiner, “Are the functions peculiar to her fully established and regular?” to which she replied “Yes;” and further, “Is there any indication of any disease peculiar to her sex ?” to which she replied, “No;” and further, “Now pregnant ?” to which she replied “No.’? These answers are alleged to be false and it is averred that on the contrary she was treated in May, 1895, for hepatitis (liver trouble) and amenorrhea (suppression of menses), and that she was then pregnant, was delivered of a child on December 16, 1895, and died on December 21, 1895. The certificate of the attending physician, in her last illness, contains the following questions and answers:
*478 
The defendant offered the evidence of the family physician, the medical examiner, the physicians who conducted the autopsy, and medical experts, to show that a woman could not be pregnant over four months and not know it, to show the physical condition of the deceased before and after she became a member, and to show the cause of death. The court excluded such evidence, partly because the attending and family physicians were incompetent to testify to anything they learned while treating her, and partly because the defendant could not avail itself of any statements or misrepresentations made by the deceased, because they were not alleged to have actually contributed to the contingency or event insured against, and because the defendant had not deposited in court the premiums received - by it. The court also refused defendant’s instructions based upon the theory'that the answers were warranties, and being false, the policy was vitiated, and gave a peremptory instruction to the jury to find for the plaintiff, which the jury did. The defendant also contended that the answer converted the case into one in equity, and, hence, that the court erred in trying it by jury as an action at law-
I.
The principal contention of the defendant is that fraternal beneficial associations, including foreign companies, are not subject to the general insurance laws of this State, and,
The line of argument pursued to reach this conclusion is this: Section 972, Revised Statutes 1879, permits fraternal beneficial associations to provide .for the relief and aid of the families, widows, orphans-or other dependents of their deceased members, from the proceeds of assessments upon the members of such society or association. Section 973, Lb., provides: “Any such society or association heretofore or hereafter incorporated under the provisions of this act (laws of this State) may avail itself of the benefits of the foregoing section by amendment to its constitution or articles of association in the manner prescribed by this article. All such societies or associations are hereby declared exempt from the operation of the general statutes of this State in regard to insurance companies.”
The provisions of these sections were first enacted by an act approved March 8, 1879 (Laws 1879, p. 65).
At the same session (1879) the General Assembly enacted other provisions relating to fraternal beneficial associations which were also embodied in the Revised Statutes of 1879. That act was approved May 19, 1879 (Laws 1879, p. 65, et seq.). The third section of that act passed into the Revised Statutes of 1879 and became section 974 thereof, and, so far as it has any bearing on the question under consideration, is as follows': “Any association formed for benevolent purposes . . . . may become a body corporate and politic under this act; and, incidentally, such association may provide means wherewith to assist its sick or disabled members or relieve and aid the families, widows, orphans, or other dependents of its members who may die, without being thereby subjected to the operation of the general statutes of this State relating to life
Thereafter the General Assembly passed the Act of March 8, 1881 (Laws 1881, p. 87), which is as follows:
“Sec. 1.. No benevolent or charitable association or society now incorporated or that may hereafter be incorporated under the laws of this State, or of any other State or Territory of the United States, which shall issue any certificate to or make any promise or agreement with its members, whereby any sum of money or benefit is to become due or payable to its sick or disabled members, or on the decease of a member, solely from the proceeds of assessment or dues collected from the members thereof, shall be deemed an insurance company or subject to the general insurance laws of this State.
“Sec. 2. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed.
“Sec. 3. By reason of many doubts as to the true meaning and intent of the present law, which it is to be the object of this act to remove, in the opinion of the General Assembly an emergency exists which requires that this act should go into immediate effect; therefore, be it also enacted that this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.”
So the law remained until 1889, when the General Assembly passed an act entitled: “An Act to revise and amend articles 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 of chapter 21, of the Revised Statutes of Missouri 1879, entitled ‘Of private corporations,’ and all acts amendatory thereof.” This act was passed as a separate act, and was approved May 11, 1889. It is not published in the Session Acts of that year at all, probably because it is a very long act and its provisions were embodied in the Revised Statutes of 1889: The original, however, is on file in the office of the Secretary of State. Among the provisions of this
This was the statute in force when the certificate in controversy was issued, and this is the history of the legislation in this State on this subject.
The defendant’s contention is: First, that the Act of March 8, 1879 (secs. 972 and 973, R. S. 1879) exempted foreign as well as domestic fraternal societies from the operation of the general laws of the State in regard to insurance companies ; second, that if this is not so, the Act of May 19, 1879, (see. 974, R. S. 1879), enlarged the Act of March 8, 1879, so as -to include foreign fraternal societies; third, that the Act. of March 8, 1881, which in express terms extended the exemption from the operation of the general laws relating to insurance companies to foreign fraternal societies, conferred no new right, but was declaratory only of the right such foreign companies already had; fourth, that the failure to carry the provisions of the Act of March 8, 1881, into the Eevised Statutes of 1889, did not take away such exemption from such foreign societies; and fifth, if the Act of 1881 is repealed by the Eevised Statutes of 1889, and if such foreign fraternal societies are not embraced in the Acts of March 8, 1879, May 19, 1879, or in sections 2823 and 2824, Eevised Statutes, 1889, then there is no law in this State regulating such foreign fra
This contention is ingenious but it is not sound. The Act of March 8, 1879, was expressly limited to societies theretofore or thereafter organized under the provisions of that act. The defendant was organized under the provisions of the laws of Massachusetts, and neither it nor any other foreign society could be organized under the provisions of that act or of the laws of this State. That act only exempted domestic fraternal beneficial societies from the operation of the general laws relating to life insurance. The first proposition of the defendant, therefore, is untenable and unsound.
The Act of May 19, 1879, provided a scheme for the organization and incorporation of fraternal beneficial societies under the laws of this State. It never was intended to, and its terms could not be construed to, apply to such societies as were chartered by the laws of other States. Therefore, section 3 of that act (section 974, R. S. 1879) did not apply to foreign fraternal societies, but was limited wholly to domestic fraternal societies. Hence, the second proposition of the defendant also fails.
The Act of March 8, 1881, is the only act that ever exempted foreign fraternal societies from the general insurance /laws. It created such exemption for the first time, and notwithstanding the recital in the emergency clause thereof, it was not simply a declaratory act but was a creative act. That act was passed* by the Thirty-first General Assembly, and it was not competent for that body by a declaratory act to ascribe a meaning or intention to the Acts of March 8, 1879, or May 19, 1879, which the Thirtieth General Assembly had not expressed in those acts. The Thirty-first General Assembly had power to prescribe what the law should be thereafter, but it was the province of the courts and not of that session of the
The Act of 1881, was not re-enacted or carried into the revision of 1889, but on the contrary, as herein above shown, article 10 of chapter 21, Revised Statutes 1879, relating to private corporations, and all acts amendatory thereof, was revised in and by a separate act, approved May 11, 1889, and the law 'changed so as to read as it is in sections 2823 and 2824, Revised Statutes 1889. In other words, the benefits of that law and the exemption from the general insurance laws was expressly confined to fraternal societies that were organized under the laws of this State, and foreign fraternal societies were not so exempted.
Thus it clearly appears that from 1879 to 1881, foreign fraternal societies were not exempted from the operation of the laws relating to life insurance. In 1881, the law and policy of the State was changed, and such exemption was accorded to such foreign companies; and this continued to be the law until 1889, when the original law and policy, not to exempt foreign fraternal societies, again became the law, and the Act of 1881, ceased to have any existence.
The defendant, however, contends that the Act of 1881 was never expressly repealed, and that it is not repealed by implication. This contention is untenable. Section 6606, Revised Statutes 1889, provides: “All acts of a general nature, revised and amended and re-enacted at the present session of the General Assembly, as soon as such acts shall take effect, shall be taken and construed as repealing all prior laws relating to the same subject; but the provisions of the Revised Statutes, so far as they are the same as those of prior laws, shall be con.
Thus, as the Act of 1881 related to fraternal societies and as the law relating to such societies was revised, amended and re-enacted at the session of the General Assembly of 1889, the Act of 1881 was repealed expressly by the revising act of 1889-, Not only was it expressly repealed, but as the Act of 1889 was a revising act and related to the same subject as the Act of 1881, and substituted a new (or rather restored the original) policy, it repealed the Act of 1881, by implication. [State v. Roller, 77 Mo. 120; State to use v. Hickman, 84 Mo. l. c. 79; Meriwether v. Love, 167 Mo. 514; Endlich on Inter of Stats., secs. 198, 199, 200, 201 and 202.] The defendant’s fourth point, therefore, also fails. And the result is that when the certificate involved in this case was issued in 1895, foreign fraternal beneficial societies were not exempted from the operation of the. laws of this State relating to life insurance, and only such fraternal societies as were organized under the laws of this State were so exempt. Sections 5849 and 5850, Revised Statutes 1889, are continuations of the Act of March 28, 1874 (Laws 1874, p. 89), except that the requirement of that act that interest at six -per cent per annum shall be deposited as well as the premiums themselves, has been omitted. That act is general. It applied to all companies. If any company or society claims to have immunity from its provisions it must put its finger upon the law granting such immunity, otherwise that law applies. Since the defendant can not point out such exemption, that law applies to it. There is therefore a law which applies to the defendant, and, hence, the defendant’s fifth contention likewise fails.
It necessarily follows that what is said in Theobald v. Knights of Pythias, 59 Mo. App. 87, to the effect that foreign fraternal societies are exempt from the laws of the State relating to life insurance, is erroneous, and that case must no
It follows also that the exclusion of the testimony of the attending physicians and medical experts, the refusal of the defendant’s instructions and the giving of the peremptory instruction was proper, as the answer stated no defense.
II.
The contention that the plaintiff as husband could not be the beneficiary under the laws of Massachusetts or under its charter and by-laws, is not open to discussion or adjudication. No such issue was raised in the pleadings or asserted upon the trial in the circuit court. It is claimed that a-demurrer to the evidence was interposed and held that this question arises under that. This is a misapprehension. A demurrer to the evi
III.
The defendant claims that its answer converted the case into one in equity and that the court- erred in not so treating it. The answer was framed upon the theory of warranty and a false statement, which amounted to- a breach of the warranty and avoided the policy, and that such false statement- was a fraud upon the defendant, and, hence, the defendant prayed to have the certificate cancelled. Under this it is claimed that notwithstanding the provisions of sections 5849 and 5850, Revised Statutes 1889, the defendant is entitled to have the policy or certificate set aside, in equity, even after the death of the assured, on the ground that it- was procured by fraud. The cases of Ashford v. Ins. Co., 80 Mo. App. 638, and Van Cleave v. Union Casualty & S. Co., 82 Mo. App. 668, are relied on in support of this contention.
In neither of those cases was there any attempt made to convert the case by answer into one in equity. In both, the alleged fraud was pleaded as a defense at law.
However, the defendant further, upon the authority of the cases last cited, contends that sections 5849 and 5850, Revised Statutes 1889, apply only to innocent misrepresentations, and do not- apply to fraudulent misrepresentations.
Those cases do so- hold. In both of them the misrepresentation relied on was that the beneficiary was the wife of the assured while in fact she was his mistress. In both cases, this
If those eases correctly state the law, the statute quoted is a dead letter, and a new defense is afforded insurance companies. Under such a construction, the only thing an insurance company would have to do would be to provide in the contract of insurance that the assured warranted the truth of all statements and answers, then it could collect the premiums as long as the assured lived, and after his death, defeat the policy by showing that the statements and answers were untrue and by the terms of the contract were warranted to be true and that they were fraudulently made, notwithstanding the misrepresentations in no manner contributed to the contingency or event on which the policy was to become due and payable.
Such is not the law or the proper construction to be placed on the statute. That statute was enacted to correct the evil that had grown up, of permitting insurance companies to make every statement or answer a warranty, and if any one, however trivial or however foreign to the risk or loss, turned out to be untrue, to avoid the policy without refunding the benefits the company had received. The statute draws no distinction between innocent and fraudulent misrepresentations, and the courts have no right to draw any such distinction. The test-applied by the statute is whether “the matter misrepresented shall have actually contributed to the contingency or event on which the policy is to become due and payable,” and the power to determine that question is vested by the statute in the jury, and not in the court.
Section 5850, prescribes the same rule that has always obtained in courts of equity, that the contract can only be
In the Ashford case, supra, the Kansas City Court of Appeals said: “Plaintiff has cited us to Christian v. Ins. Co., 143 Mo. 460, a case where the assured committed suicide and the misrepresentation was as to other additional insurance. The court there said: ‘It is quite obvious that misrepresentations, however numerous, cut no figure unless they produce the result pointed out in the section under comment.’ But the court in that ease did not, and had no occasion to distinguish between innocent and fraudulent misrepresentations. Eor it is expressly stated: ‘The answer contains no allegations that defendant would not have issued the policy had it known the real state of the facts respecting which the answers were made. Nor does the answer contain nor the evidence disclose that any such misstatements in any way contributed to the issuance of the policy.’ Defendant properly places much reliance on that statement of the court. It was evidently made by Judge Sheravood, who wrote the opinion, with a view of disclosing that the court was not committing itself on the question of open and willful fraud which induced the con
This is a misapprehension of the meaning of the language used, the reasoning employed and the result announced in the Christian case. In that case no distinction, was drawn, or intended to be permitted, between innocent and willfully fraudulent misrepresentations. The purpose was to give full force and effect to th’& statute, and to hold that no misrepresentation, whether innocent or fraudulent, when based upon a warranty of truth by the terms of the policy or not, shall be a defense “unless the matter misrepresented shall have actually contributed to the contingency or event on which the policy is to become due and payable.” To avoid all possible confusion and misunderstanding the cases of Ashford v. Ins. Co., 80 Mo. App. 638, and Van Cleave v. Union Casualty & S. Co., 82 Mo. App. 668, are expressly disapproved and overruled.
Eor these reasons the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.