320 Mass. 528 | Mass. | 1946
This cause, is here upon the appeal of the plaintiffs from a final decree dismissing the bill after the sustaining of demurrers of all the defendants. The appeal from the final decree also opens for revision here the interlocutory decrees sustaining the demurrers. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 214, § 27. Gibbons v. Gibbons, 296 Mass. 89.
The ten plaintiffs are all “Jehovah’s Witnesses.” The defendants are the city of Chicopee, one Bourbeau, mayor of the city, one Linehan, its chief of police, one Shea, its city solicitor, one O’Connor, described as “Clerk of Courts and Attorney for the Commonwealth in the District Court of Chicopee,” which we construe as meaning clerk of the District Court of Chicopee, and one Vigeant, the judge of that court.
A brief summary of allegations of the bill in so far as they need be stated is as follows: The plaintiffs and others of “Jehovah’s Witnesses” made arrangements for a series of public lectures to be delivered in Chicopee in the spring of 1945 and prepared to advertise them by distributing to passers-by on the sidewalks leaflets inviting them to attend. From June 9, 1945, until the filing of the bill the defendants conspired to deprive the plaintiffs of “their right of freedom to worship Almighty God, freedom of speech, of press and
There are further allegations that the defendants have threatened to continue and will continue false arrests, under the purported authority of the ordinance, of the plaintiffs and of any of “Jehovah’s Witnesses” found distributing the described literature in Chicopee, although the defendants well know that the ordinance is unconstitutional and void; that the arrests of the plaintiffs are, and future prosecutions would be, malicious and unlawful; that such arrests are part of the conspiracy among the defendants; that the plaintiffs’ means of paying bail fees and of posting bail and appeal bonds are exhausted; that the plaintiffs’ activities in Chicopee have been seriously interfered with and stopped; that the defendants’ acts and threatened acts have caused and will continue to cause irreparable injury to the plaintiffs unless
There can be no question that the part of the ordinance which wholly forbids the distribution of handbills, circulars, pamphlets, and advertisements, even if limited to distribution in public ways and public places — a limitation not wholly clear from the wording of the ordinance — is unconstitutional, when applied to advertisements of religious meetings, under decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States and of this court by which every court in the Commonwealth is bound. Schneider v. State, 308 U. S. 147. Jamison v. Texas, 318 U. S. 413. Commonwealth v. Anderson, 308 Mass. 370. Commonwealth v. Pascone, 308 Mass. 591, 593-594. Compare Valentine v. Chrestensen, 316 U. S. 52.
The demurrers of the defendants O’Connor and Vigeant, unlike the demurrer of the other defendants, are grounded solely on want of equity in that the bill does not allege that any property rights of the plaintiffs are being jeopardized. We confine our consideration of the demurrers of the defendants O’Connor and Vigeant to the single cause set forth therein and do not touch any other possible objections to the bill which either of these defendants might have urged. Lascelles v. Clark, 204 Mass. 362, 372. Shuman v. Gilbert, 229 Mass. 225, 226. Raynes v. Sharp, 238 Mass. 20, 24-25. See G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, § 18; Steffe v. Old Colony Railroad, 156 Mass. 262, 263. We do not inquire whether the allegations of participation by these defendants in the alleged wrong are sufficiently concrete and specific to make out a good bill either on the ground of true conspiracy or on
It is- said that the formula that equity protects only property rights had its principal origin in dicta of Lord Eldon in Gee v. Pritchard, 2 Swanst. 402, decided in the year 1818. See Pound in 29 Harv. L. Rev. 640 at 642. At all events, the formula has been repeated with little or no qualification in numerous cases in many jurisdictions. Illustrative of these are Brandreth v. Lance, 8 Paige Ch. 24, Mead v. Stirling, 62 Conn. 586, 596, People v. McWeeney, 259 Ill. 161, 172, White v. Pasfield, 212 Ill. App. 73, 75, Chappell v. Stewart, 82 Md. 323, Bank v. Bank, 180 Md. 254, 262, Hutchinson v. Goshorn, 256 Penn. St. 69, 71, and In re Sawyer, 124 U. S. 200, 210. Many cases are collected in 14 Am. L. R. 295, 296. In this Commonwealth the same formula was approved in Worthington v. Waring, 157 Mass. 421, 423, conceded in Choate v. Logan, 240 Mass. 131, 134-135, and stated as “a general rule” in James R. Kirby Post No. 50 v. American Legion, 258 Mass. 434, but was not there applied because a “sequestration” of the plaintiff’s personal property in the form of furnishings and equipment was held to be involved. There are occasional dicta recognizing the rule in others of our cases. See Kelley v. Board of Health of Peabody, 248 Mass. 165, 168; Mullholland v. State Racing Commission, 295 Mass. 286, 290; Mayor of Cambridge
r But it has long been held that the protection which equity throws over property rights is not limited to the prevention of injury to specific tangible property and includes in proper cases the prevention of unlawful interference with the plaintiff’s right to carry on business in general, Sherry v. Perkins, 147 Mass. 212; Burnham v. Dowd, 217 Mass. 351, 359, and even extends to the protection of a business against constantly repeated libels or disparagement of goods. Lawrence Trust Co. v. Sun-American Publishing Co. 245 Mass. 262. Menard v. Houle, 298 Mass. 546, and cases cited. Compare Boston Diatite Co. v. Florence Manuf. Co. 114 Mass. 69. Similarly equity has protected by injunction the right of a working man to obtain work whether or not that right is to be deemed strictly a property right. Fairbanks v. McDonald, 219 Mass. 291 (doubting Worthington v. Waring, supra). Cornellier v. Haverhill Shoe Manufacturers’ Association, 221 Mass. 554, 559-560 (overruling Worthington v. Waring, supra, in so far as that decision prevents relief in equity against blacklisting by employers). In Baker v. Libbie, 210 Mass. 599, the publication of private letters was enjoined, but this was on the ground of a property right in the letters. It seems that in a proper case equity will grant relief against harassment by vexatious litigation not necessarily related to property rights. Steinberg v. McKay, 295 Mass. 139, 143.
In reading the decisions holding or stating that equity will protect only property rights, one is struck by the absence of any convincing reasons for such a sweeping generalization. We are by no means satisfied that property rights and personal rights are always as distinct and readily separable as much of the public discussion in recent years would have them. But in so far as the distinction exists we cannot believe that personal rights recognized by law are in general less important to the individual or less vital to society or less worthy of protection by the'peculiar remedies equity can afford than are property rights. We are impressed by the plaintiffs’ suggestion that if equity would safeguard their
Doubtless there are personal rights of such delicate and intimate character that direct enforcement of them by any process of the court should never be attempted. But that is not true in this instance. Here no difficulty need be expected in administering relief by injunction. The plaintiffs’ rights are of the most fundamental character. According to the bill they have been violated repeatedly. It is plain that the legal remedies by defending against repeated complaints and bringing successive actions for malicious prosecution or false arrest are not adequate. Such remedies are no more adequate than are the remedies at law for repeated injuries
The demurrer of the defendants Bourbeau, Linehan, Shea and the city of Chicopee set up as a cause of demurrer the general ground of want of equity in addition to and apart from any question as to lack of injury to property rights. It is not plain from the bill what part each of the defendants Bourbeau, Linehan, and Shea took in bringing about the unlawful arrests of the plaintiffs, but it is alleged generally that “pursuant to their conspiracy” the “defendants” caused the arrests on two of the occasions complained of and that “defendants have threatened to continue such false arresting and wrongful prosecuting of plaintiffs,” and that “defendants also threaten to continue applying” the ordinance in Chicopee. We construe these as allegations of participation by all of the defendant:?. A demurrer on the general ground of want of equity does not raise questions of mere form. See Billings v. Mann, 156 Mass. 203, 205; Bliss v. Parks, 175 Mass. 539, 543; Shea v. Shea, 296 Mass. 143, 147. The general allegations are therefore sufficient.
It is argued that the general ground of demurrer should be sustained for the reason that equity will not interpose to prevent prosecution in the criminal courts. It is true that commonly equity will leave a person accused of crime to his defence at the trial of the indictment or complaint and will not prejudge the criminal case. But it is settled, nevertheless, that equity will not hesitate to restrain prosecutions for crime where such restraint is a necessary incident of the protection of rights which equity recognizes and protects. Shuman v. Gilbert, 229 Mass. 225, 227-228. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad v. Deister, 253 Mass. 178, 180-181. Criscuolo v. Department of Public Utilities, 302 Mass. 438, 440. Slome v. Chief of Police of Fitchburg, 304
The demurrer of the last named defendants also specifies as a ground that the plaintiffs have a plain, adequate and complete remedy at law. We have already dealt with this contention.
The position of the defendant city of Chicopee may well be different from that of the individual defendants. It is true that the general allegations of participation in prosecuting the plaintiffs apply to the city as well as to the other defendants. But it is difficult to see how the city can be held responsible for the acts of its officers in instituting prosecutions, since in that matter commonly they are exercising governmental powers, and are not mere agents of the municipal corporation. Buttrick v. Lowell, 1 Allen, 172. Hathaway v. Everett, 205 Mass. 246. Bolster v. Lawrence, 225 Mass. 387. Commonwealth v. Dowe, 315 Mass. 217, 222-223. However, we need not now pursue this subject farther, since we think that the city’s interest in the validity of its ordinance attacked by the bill is sufficient to make the city at least a proper party. As such it is not entitled to escape from the suit upon any of the grounds set forth in the demurrer. See Watertown v. Mayo, 109 Mass. 315, 319-320; Worcester Board of Health v. Tupper, 210 Mass. 378, 382-383; Lexington v. Bean, 272 Mass. 547, 554; Mayor of Cambridge v. Dean, 300 Mass. 174, 175-176; Pitman v. Medford, 312 Mass. 618, 620-621; Adley Express Co. Inc. v. Darien, 125 Conn. 501; Adams Express Co. v. New York, 232 U. S. 14; Atlantic Coast Line Railroad v. Goldsboro, 232 U. S. 548; McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (2d ed.) §§ 741, 851, 951, 2668.
It may be proper to add that at the argument of this case before us counsel for the defendants stated that the defendants had no intention of persecuting the plaintiffs or of defying the decisions of the courts by attempting to enforce an invalid ordinance. At the hearing upon the merits the plaintiffs may be unable to prove the case alleged, or it may appear that the issue has become moot or that there is no necessity for relief by injunction in order to
Interlocutory decrees sustaining demurrers reversed.
Final decree reversed with costs of appeal.
Henley v. Rockett, 243 Ala. 172. Stark v. Hamilton, 149 Ga. 227. Matter of Badger, 286 Mo. 139, 145-146: Itzkovitch v. Whitaker, 117 La. 708. Foley v. Ham, 102 Kans. 66, 73. Vanderbilt v. Mitchell, 2 Buch. 910, 919. Brex v. Smith, 104 N. J. Eq. 386. Binns v. Vitagraph Co. of America, 210 N. Y. 51 (decided under statute). Flake v. Greensboro News Co. 212 N. C. 780, 792. Pierce v. Proprietors of Swan Point Cemetery, 10 R. I. 227. Hawks v. Yancey, (Tex. Civ. App.) 265 S. W. 233 (1924). Thompson v. Smith, 155 Va. 367, 386-388. Mendez v. Westminister School District of Orange County, 64 Fed. Sup. 544, 550-551. Three cases presenting facts more or less similar to those in the case before us are Committee for Industrial Organization v. Hague, 25 Fed. Sup. 127, S. C. on appeal, Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 101 Fed. (2d) 774, Reid v. Brookville, 39 Fed. Sup. 30, 32, and Beeler v. Smith, 40 Fed. Sup. 139. See West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U. S. 624; Oney v. Oklahoma City, 120 Fed. (2d) 861; Zimmerman v. London, 38 Fed. Sup. 582; Kennedy v. Moscow, 39 Fed. Sup. 26; Donley v. Colorado Springs, 40 Fed. Sup. 15; Lynch v. Muskogee, 47 Fed. Sup. 589.
Pound, 29 Harv. L. Rev. 640. Chafee, 34 Harv. L. Rev. 388, 407. Robinette, 10 Can. Bar Rev. 172. Long, 33 Yale L. Jour. 115. Walsh, 7 N. Y. Univ. L. Quar. Rev. 878. Oberfell, 20 Notre Dame Lawyer, 56. Leflar, 14 Tex. L. Rev. 427, 438-439.