737 N.W.2d 179 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2007
William KENNEDY, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
GREAT ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TEA COMPANY, d/b/a Farmer Jack, and Borman's, Inc. d/b/a Farmer Jack, Defendants-Appellees.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*181 Law Offices of Edward C. Pedersen, PLLC (by Edward C. Pedersen), Bloomfield Hills, for the plaintiff.
Sullivan, Ward, Asher & Patton, P.C. (by Lee C. Patton and Matthew I. Henzi), Southfield, for the defendants.
Before: JANSEN, P.J., and NEFF and HOEKSTRA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this premises-liability action, plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's grant of summary disposition in favor of defendants. We affirm.
While plaintiff was shopping, he slipped on crushed green grapes or green grape residue on the floor of defendants' grocery store. Plaintiff began to fall, reached for his shopping cart, and sustained injuries. The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of defendants pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), ruling that the slipping hazard posed by the crushed grapes or grape residue was open and obvious as a matter of law.
We review de novo a trial court's grant of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Spiek v. Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337, 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998). The pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other admissible documentary evidence submitted by the parties must be considered in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. MCR 2.116(G)(5); DeBrow v. Century 21 Great Lakes, Inc. (After Remand), 463 Mich. 534, 538-539, 620 N.W.2d 836 (2001). Summary disposition is proper under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if the affidavits and other documentary evidence show that there is no genuine issue concerning any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Quinto v. Cross & Peters Co., 451 Mich. 358, 362, 547 N.W.2d 314 (1996).
In a premises liability action, a plaintiff must prove (1) that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, (2) that the defendant breached the duty, (3) that the defendant's breach of the duty caused the plaintiff's injuries, and (4) that the plaintiff suffered damages. Jones v. Enertel, Inc., 254 Mich.App. 432, 436-437, 656 N.W.2d 870 (2002). Generally, a premises possessor *182 owes a duty to exercise reasonable care to protect an invitee from an unreasonable risk of harm caused by a dangerous condition on the land. Lugo v. Ameritech Corp., Inc., 464 Mich. 512, 516, 629 N.W.2d 384 (2001). However, the possessor of land is not an absolute insurer of an invitee's safety. Id. at 517, 629 N.W.2d 384. A premises possessor is generally not required to protect an invitee from open and obvious dangers. Id.; Bertrand v. Alan Ford, Inc., 449 Mich. 606, 612-613, 537 N.W.2d 185 (1995).
The test to determine if a danger is open and obvious is whether "an average user with ordinary intelligence [would] have been able to discover the danger and the risk presented upon casual inspection[.]" Novotney v. Burger King Corp. (On Remand), 198 Mich.App. 470, 475, 499 N.W.2d 379 (1993). Because the test is objective, this Court looks not to whether a particular plaintiff should have known that the condition was hazardous, but to whether a reasonable person in his or her position would have foreseen the danger. Joyce v. Rubin, 249 Mich.App. 231, 238-239, 642 N.W.2d 360 (2002).
Turning to the case at bar, plaintiff first argues that the slipping hazard posed by the crushed grapes or grape residue on defendants' floor was not open and obvious. We cannot agree. Plaintiff asserts that the crushed grape residue was green and brown in color and that the slipping hazard was therefore inconspicuous against the backdrop of the beige supermarket floor. He further asserts that the grape residue "was a film," "was at floor level," and "did not stick up above the floor." However, plaintiff also testified during his deposition that the crushed grapes were readily observable after he slipped and that he and several other people all noticed the existence of the crushed grapes and grape residue once they actually looked at the floor. Specifically, plaintiff testified that after he slipped, "I could see the grapes. And when the manager was there, you [sic] could see the grapes. The stock boy could see the grapes. The customers that had come around, they could see the grapes. It was no great mystery. There were grapes on the floor." Plaintiff also testified that nothing blocked his view of the supermarket floor immediately before his accident.
Plaintiff's contention that the crushed grapes and grape residue were not open and obvious is thus belied by his own deposition testimony. It is well settled that a party may not create an issue of material fact merely by contradicting his or her own deposition testimony. Klein v. Kik, 264 Mich.App. 682, 688, 692 N.W.2d 854 (2005); Dykes v. William Beaumont Hosp., 246 Mich.App. 471, 480-481, 633 N.W.2d 440 (2001). Plaintiff's own deposition testimony establishes that he would have noticed the potentially hazardous condition had he been paying attention. See Millikin v. Walton Manor Mobile Home Park, Inc., 234 Mich.App. 490, 497, 595 N.W.2d 152 (1999). Plaintiff failed to raise a genuine issue of fact concerning whether the grape residue on which he slipped was open and obvious. The trial court properly determined as a matter of law that the hazard posed by the crushed grapes or grape residue was an open and obvious danger.
Plaintiff also argues that the slipping hazard posed by the crushed grapes or grape residue was not readily apparent to him and that he could not have been expected to notice or observe the hazard. We disagree. Citing Jaworski v. Great Scott Supermarkets, Inc., 403 Mich. 689, 272 N.W.2d 518 (1978), plaintiff contends that a reasonably prudent shopper in a grocery store is neither required nor expected to observe all potentially dangerous *183 conditions on the supermarket floor or in a supermarket aisle. In Jaworski, the plaintiff slipped on cottage cheese that was spilled on the defendant supermarket's floor. Id. at 695, 272 N.W.2d 518. Because of the light coloration of the supermarket floor, the cottage cheese was "relatively inconspicuous." Id. at 698, 272 N.W.2d 518. Our Supreme Court observed that "[w]hile ordinary prudence generally requires one to see that which is to be seen," "[w]e cannot accept the notion that a customer in a modern supermarket or department store should be under an obligation to see every defect or danger in his pathway." Id. at 699, 272 N.W.2d 518. The Jaworski Court also recognized that "`[t]he displays of merchandise in modern stores are so arranged and are intended to catch the customer's attention and divert him from watching the floor'" and that "`[t]he public does not expect to shop at its own risk and it is unreasonable to expect a person in a retail store to use the same degree of lookout as he would on a public street.'" Id., quoting Steinhorst v. H C Prange Co., 48 Wis. 2d 679, 685-686, 180 N.W.2d 525 (1970). In sum, the Court concluded:
"[The d]efendant's store in this case was a `self-service' type store, in which its merchandise was displayed on counters or on shelves so that customers could inspect the merchandise as they walked in the aisles or passageways of the store. The storekeeper certainly intended that his customers would devote the major part of their attention to the merchandise which was being displayed, rather than to the floor to discover possible obstructions in the aisle, and in our opinion that circumstance must be considered in determining the degree of care which the storekeeper should use in maintaining safe passageways. A patron of a self-service type store, we think, is entitled to rely upon the presumption that the proprietor will see that the passageways provided for his use are reasonably safe, considering the fact that while using these passageways he may be devoting some of his attention toward inspecting the merchandise." [Id. at 699-700, 272 N.W.2d 518, quoting Provost v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., Inc, 154 So. 2d 597, 601-602 (La. App. 1963).]
The problem with plaintiff's assertion in this regard is that Jaworski was a contributory negligence case. See Jaworski, supra at 696-697, 272 N.W.2d 518. The issue in Jaworski was not whether the defendant supermarket owed the plaintiff a duty, but whether the plaintiff was contributorily negligent in failing to observe and avoid slipping on the spilled cottage cheese. See Clark v. Kmart Corp. (On Remand), 249 Mich.App. 141, 152, 640 N.W.2d 892 (2002); Charleston v. Meijer, Inc., 124 Mich.App. 416, 419, 335 N.W.2d 55 (1983). The doctrine of contributory negligence has been abrogated since our Supreme Court's decision in Jaworski, see Placek v. Sterling Hts., 405 Mich. 638, 275 N.W.2d 511 (1979), and this Court has suggested that the reasoning of Jaworski holding that the plaintiff was not contributorily negligent for failing to observe and avoid the spilled cottage cheeseis no longer relevant under the doctrine of comparative negligence, Charleston, supra at 419, 335 N.W.2d 55. The Charleston Court observed that with the advent of comparative negligence in Michigan, "[t]he trend is towards allowing all issues [concerning the plaintiff's alleged negligence], when supported by the facts, to go to the jury. . . ." Id.
The issue in the case at bar is not whether plaintiff was comparatively negligent in failing to observe and avoid the crushed grapes or grape residue on defendants' floor. Instead, the issue is *184 whether defendants owed plaintiff a duty in the first instance. We readily concede that shoppers in modern grocery stores are often distracted by displays and merchandise. But mere distractions are not sufficient to prevent application of the open and obvious danger doctrine. Lugo, supra at 522, 629 N.W.2d 384. Instead, to prevent application of the open and obvious danger doctrine to a typical and obvious condition, the condition must be "effectively unavoidable" or "unreasonably dangerous because of special aspects that impose an unreasonably high risk of severe harm." Id. at 518, 629 N.W.2d 384. "However, typical open and obvious dangers . . . do not give rise to these special aspects." Id. at 520, 629 N.W.2d 384.
Like plaintiff in the present case, who argues that he was distracted by the displays and merchandise in defendants' supermarket, the plaintiff in Lugo argued that she did not notice or observe a potentially hazardous pothole because she was "distract[ed]" by moving vehicles in the parking lot. Id. at 522, 629 N.W.2d 384. The Lugo Court ruled that the relevant inquiry was not merely whether the plaintiff was distracted, but whether there was anything "unusual" about the plaintiff's distraction that would preclude application of the open and obvious danger doctrine. Id. The Court concluded:
While plaintiff argues that moving vehicles in the parking lot were a distraction, there is certainly nothing "unusual" about vehicles being driven in a parking lot, and, accordingly, this is not a factor that removes this case from the open and obvious danger doctrine.
* * *
[P]otholes in pavement are an "everyday occurrence" that ordinarily should be observed by a reasonably prudent person. Accordingly, in light of plaintiff's failure to show special aspects of the pothole at issue, it did not pose an unreasonable risk to her. [Id. at 522-523, 629 N.W.2d 384.]
In light of Lugo, we conclude that there was nothing unusual about plaintiff's purported distraction; nor is there anything unusual about spilled grapes or grape residue on a supermarket floor. Therefore, even if the reasoning of Jaworski still applies under our system of comparative negligence, it does not obviate the fact that the crushed grapes on which plaintiff slipped were open and obvious as a matter of law. Reasonable minds could not disagree that the crushed grapes on which plaintiff slipped were not "unreasonably dangerous because of special aspects that impose an unreasonably high risk of severe harm." Lugo, supra at 518, 629 N.W.2d 384.
Plaintiff next contends that even if the crushed grapes and grape residue were obvious and readily apparent, the open and obvious danger doctrine does not apply to bar recovery in this case because defendants should have known that he would be distracted by their displays and merchandise. Again, we disagree. It is true that in some cases, "`the possessor of land can and should anticipate that the dangerous condition will cause physical harm to the invitee notwithstanding its known or obvious danger.'" Bertrand, supra at 611, 537 N.W.2d 185, quoting 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 343A, comment f, p. 220. We fully recognize that "`[s]uch reason to expect harm to the visitor from known or obvious dangers may arise, for example, where the possessor has reason to expect that the invitee's attention may be distracted, so that he will not discover what is obvious,'" and that in such cases the open and obvious danger doctrine will not apply to bar the defendant's duty to the invitee. Bertrand, supra at 611-612, *185 537 N.W.2d 185, quoting 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 343A, comment f, p. 220.
However, plaintiff in this case has simply failed to raise a genuine issue of fact with respect to whether defendants knew or should have known that his attention would be distracted in this manner. We do not dispute that the evidence in this case, including numerous past accident reports from several of defendants' supermarkets, established that defendants should have been aware of the potential slipping hazard posed by crushed grapes or grape residue. In contrast, however, there was no evidence introduced in this case to establish or even suggest that defendants knew or should have known that plaintiff would be sufficiently distracted by the displays and merchandise so as to divert his attention from this otherwise open and obvious slipping hazard. Again referring to Jaworski, plaintiff essentially asks us to conclude that all shoppers, as a matter of course, are distracted by supermarket displays and merchandise. However, we will not create such a broad rule, especially in light of the fact that public policy requires individuals to take some degree of reasonable care for their own safety. Bertrand, supra at 616-617, 537 N.W.2d 185. Moreover, as this Court has previously observed, "We see no valid reason to extend Jaworski and create a special standard of care for supermarket patrons." Charleston, supra at 419, 335 N.W.2d 55. In short, it was plaintiff's burden to establish a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether defendants "ha[d] reason to expect that the invitee's attention [might have been] distracted, so that he [would] not discover what [was] obvious. . . ." Bertrand, supra at 611-612, 537 N.W.2d 185, quoting 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 343A, p. 220. However, he did not come forward with sufficient evidence to meet this burden. Plaintiff has failed to create a genuine factual dispute with respect to whether defendants knew or should have known that his attention would be distracted away from the open and obvious danger.
Citing O'Donnell v. Garasic, 259 Mich. App. 569, 676 N.W.2d 213 (2003), plaintiff next argues that the open and obvious danger doctrine cannot bar recovery because defendants breached a separate and independent duty created by the International Property Maintenance Code.[1] He contends that defendants' code violation prevented application of the open and obvious danger doctrine in this case. We disagree.
We recognize that code violations may provide some evidence of negligence. Id. at 578, 676 N.W.2d 213; see also Summers v. Detroit, 206 Mich.App. 46, 51-52, 520 N.W.2d 356 (1994). However, as the O'Donnell Court made clear, even in cases of code violations, the relevant inquiry remains whether any special aspects rendered the otherwise open and obvious condition unreasonably dangerous. O'Donnell, supra at 578-579, 676 N.W.2d 213. In other words, even when a hazardous condition results from a code violation, "[t]he critical inquiry is whether there is something unusual about [the alleged hazard] that gives rise to an unreasonable risk of harm." Id. at 578, 676 N.W.2d 213. If the proofs create a genuine issue of fact concerning whether the risk of harm was "unreasonable," the existence of a duty becomes a question for the trier of fact. Id. at 579, 676 N.W.2d 213.
*186 As discussed above, there is nothing unusual about crushed grapes on a supermarket floor that would create an unreasonably high risk of harm. Accordingly, given the evidence presented in this case, reasonable minds could not conclude that the slipping hazard created by the crushed grapes or grape residue on defendants' floor was unreasonably dangerous. Plaintiff's reliance on defendants' alleged code violation is unavailing.
Finally, plaintiff argues that even if the crushed grapes and grape residue were open and obvious, defendants breached a separate and distinct duty imposed by the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act (MIOSHA), MCL 408.1001 et seq. Therefore, plaintiff argues that the open and obvious danger doctrine does not apply. Again, we disagree.
It is true that "the applicability of the open and obvious danger doctrine depends on the theory underlying the negligence action." Hiner v. Mojica, 271 Mich.App. 604, 615, 722 N.W.2d 914 (2006). The open and obvious danger doctrine cannot be used to avoid a specific statutory duty. O'Donnell, supra at 581, 676 N.W.2d 213. Therefore, if a negligence action is premised on the violation of a statute rather than on common-law principles of premises liability, the open and obvious danger doctrine will not apply. See id.
Plaintiff contends that defendants breached the duty to provide a safe workplace as required by § 9 of MIOSHA, MCL 408.1009, and by administrative regulations enacted under MIOSHA. In Michigan, the violation of a statute creates a rebuttable presumption of negligence, and the violation of an administrative regulation constitutes evidence of negligence. Candelaria v. B C Gen. Contractors, Inc., 236 Mich.App. 67, 82 n. 5, 600 N.W.2d 348 (1999). However, MIOSHA and the regulations enacted under MIOSHA apply only to the relationship between employers and employees and therefore do not create duties that run in favor of third parties. See Davis v. Link, Inc., 195 Mich.App. 70, 73, 489 N.W.2d 103 (1992). Accordingly, MIOSHA does not impose a statutory duty in favor of third parties in the negligence context. Ghaffari v. Turner Constr. Co. (On Remand), 268 Mich.App. 460, 461, 708 N.W.2d 448 (2005). Nor do administrative regulations enacted under MIOSHA impose duties in favor of third parties in the negligence context. Ghaffari v. Turner Const. Co., 259 Mich.App. 608, 613, 676 N.W.2d 259 (2003), rev'd on other grounds 473 Mich. 16, 699 N.W.2d 687 (2005). Neither MIOSHA nor the administrative regulations enacted under it imposed a duty on defendants running in favor of plaintiff. Plaintiff may not rely on MIOSHA and the MIOSHA regulations to escape application of the open and obvious danger doctrine in this premises liability case.[2]
Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, no record could be developed on which reasonable minds could differ regarding defendants' duty in this case. The crushed grapes on which plaintiff slipped were open and obvious as a matter of law, and plaintiff has not sufficiently supported his claims that the open and obvious danger doctrine should not apply. The trial court properly granted summary disposition in favor of defendants pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). See Spagnuolo v. Rudds # 2, Inc., 221 Mich.App. 358, 361, 561 N.W.2d 500 (1997).
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] Neither the record nor the briefs contain any indication that the International Property Maintenance Code had been adopted by the municipality where plaintiff's accident occurred. Likewise, we find no support for plaintiff's assertion that a violation of the International Property Maintenance Code is equivalent to a violation of state statute. Nonetheless, we will address plaintiff's code-based arguments for purposes of this appeal.
[2] We also note that MIOSHA does not provide an independent tort remedy. White v. Chrysler Corp., 421 Mich. 192, 199 n. 7, 364 N.W.2d 619 (1984).