101 N.C. App. 24
N.C. Ct. App.
1990
DUNCAN, Judge.

Dеfendant’s appeal asserts three assignments of error, which are essentially as follows: First, the defendant contends that there is no competent evidence in the record to support the full Commission’s Finding of Fact- number 6, which states that the plaintiff was incapable of earning any wages frоm the date of the accident through the date of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner. Second, the defendant argues that the full Commission erred in failing to make findings regarding both the extent and the permanency of the plaintiffs disability. Third, the defendant asserts that the Commission’s findings of fact did not suppоrt the conclusion that the plaintiff was entitled to temporary total disability benefits from the date of the accident through the date of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner. We find no merit in any of these contentions and, therefore, affirm the opinion and award of the Industrial Commission.

I

In order to obtain compensation under the Workers’ Compensation Act, the claimant must prove the existence of a disability as well as its extent. Hilliard v. Apex Cabinet Co., 305 N.C. 593, 290 S.E.2d 682 (1982). “Disability” is defined by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(9) (1985) as the “incapacity because of injury to earn the wages which the employee was receiving at the time of the injury in the same or any other employment.” “To support a conclusion of disability, the Commission must find: (1) that the plaintiff was incapable after his injury of earning the same wages he earned before his injury in the same employment, (2) that the plaintiff was incapable after his injury of earning the same wages he earned before his injury in any other employment and (3) that the plaintiff’s incapacity to earn was caused by his injury.” Hendrix v. Linn-Corriher Corp., 317 N.C. 179, 186, 345 S.E.2d 374, 378-9 (1986).

The defendant does not contend that the Commission failed to make the findings necessary to a determination of disability. Rather, the defendant contends that there was no competent evidence upon which the Commission could properly rely in finding that the plaintiff did not have the capacity to earn any wages. We disagree.

We note at the outset that under the Workers’ Compensation Act, the Industrial Commission is vested with exclusive authority to find facts. Anderson v. Lincoln Constr. Co., 265 N.C. 431, 144 S.E.2d 272 (1965); Moore v. Adams Elec. Co., 259 N.C. 735, 131 S.E.2d 356 (1963). On appeal, therefore, the Court of Appeals is bound by the Commission’s findings of fact when they are supported by direct evidence or by reasonable inferences drawn from the record. Gosney v. Golden Belt Mfg., 89 N.C. App. 670, 671, 366 S.E.2d 873, 874, disc. review denied, 322 N.C. 835, 371 S.E.2d 276 (1988). In the instant case, our review of the transcript indicates that there was ample competent evidence upon which the Commission could properly rely in support of its finding.

Dr. Lawrence Frank, who saw the plaintiff at the request of the Duke University Workers’ Compensation Office, testified that the plaintiff was suffering from a “lumbosacral strain that had become chronic.” He assigned the plaintiff a 10 percent permanent рartial disability rating. He acknowledged, however, that he had not taken any vocational factors into account. Dr. John W. Cromer, Jr., who was employed by the defendant as the Assistant Director of the Employee Occupational Health Center, testified that as of six days prior to the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner, the plaintiff was still not able to return to work because his injury continued to produce a great deal of pain and limitation of movement. Mr. Mike Massey, a Vocational Rehabilitation counselor who assessed the plaintiff’s vocational skills and potential, testified that it was not reasonable to expect that a job could presently be found for the plaintiff, given his physical limitations coupled with his vocational abilities. Ms. Joan Dunston, the Patient Service Supervisor at Duke, testified that she “did not want him (the plaintiff) there (at work)” because her expectations of his working capacity could not have been fulfilled. Finally, the plaintiff himself testified that he had not been able to decrease his level of pain to a point at which he could comfortably perform his everyday activities, such as household chores, yard work, cooking, and even bowel movements.

Our Supreme Court has approved the use of expert medical testimony ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‍on the issue of a claimant’s ability to earn wages. See Fleming v. K-Mart Corp., 312 N.C. 538, 544, 324 S.E.2d 214, 217 (1985). Similarly, this court has approved the use of testimony by vocational rehabilitation specialists on the issue of wage earning capacity. See Niple v. Seawell Realty and Indus. Co., 88 N.C. App. 136, 139, 362 S.E.2d 572, 574 (1987), disc. review denied, 321 N.C. 744, 365 S.E.2d 903 (1988). Testimony by the plaintiff him/herself has also been found to be competent on the issue of wage earning capacity. See Singleton v. D.T. Vance Mica Co., 235 N.C. 315, 325, 69 S.E.2d 707, 714 (1952); Niple, 88 N.C. App. at 139, 362 S.E.2d at 574. In sum, we find the testimony of these individuals to be amply competent to support the Commission’s finding that the plaintiff had no capacity to earn wages in either the same or any other employment up to the date of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner.

The defendant further claims that the Commission erroneously placed the burden of proving wage earning capacity upon the defendant. The full Commission opened its opinion with the follоwing statement: “Plaintiff sought .benefits for alleged continuing total disability, and the defendant, having tacitly conceded that he [the plaintiff] remained incapable of returning to his former employment as a patient service aide, had the burden of showing that the plaintiff was capable of other employment. That it failed to do.” The defendant contends, in the first instance, that it did not “tacitly concede” anything. Second, the defendant contends that the Commission acted under a misapprehension of law when it relied upon the holding of Bridges v. Linn-Corriher Corp., 90 N.C. App. 397, 368 S.E.2d 388, disc. review denied, 323 N.C. 171, 373 S.E.2d 104 (1988), to support its statement that “the defendant . . . had the burden of showing that the plaintiff was capable of other employment.” We do not agree.

First, the above-quoted testimony of Ms. Joan Dunston, the plaintiff’s supervisor, tends to support the Commission’s reference to the “tacit concession” that the plaintiff was unable to return to his former employmеnt. For a similar finding, see Watson v. Winston-Salem Transit Auth., 92 N.C. App. 473, 374 S.E.2d 483 (1988) (holding that evidence of an employer’s refusal to allow an employee to return to work because there was no “light” work available supports a finding that the employee was incapable of earning any wages in the same employment).

Second, while it is the general rule that the plaintiff has the initial burden of proving an impaired wage earning capacity, Watson, 92 N.C. App. at 475, 374 S.E.2d at 485, we do not believe that the full Commission acted under a misapprehension of law in relying upon Bridges to place the burden of proving wage earning capacity ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‍upon the defendant undеr these facts. In Bridges, the plaintiff challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the Industrial Commission’s finding that he “ ‘was employable outside [his former employment]’ and ‘could have earned the same wages he was earning prior to [the date of his accident].’ ” Bridges, 90 N.C. App. at 398, 368 S.E.2d at 389. Although the plaintiff was capable of doing light work, he claimed that he was nonetheless disabled because, after several attempts, he could not procure employment. The defendant claimed, on the other hand, that the plaintiff was capable of earning wages in employment outside his former industry. The рlaintiff’s evidence tended to show that he was (1) 61 years old; (2) educated only to the fifth grade; (3) skilled only in work which was physically unsuitable; (4) afflicted with a breathing condition which was easily aggravated; and (5) unable to procure a job even though he had attempted to do so. Id. at 400, 368 S.E.2d at 390. The defendant countered this evidence with a survey prepared by the Employment Security Commission which merely listed the available jobs in the area. Id. However, no evidence was presented that the plaintiff was capable of obtaining any of the jobs listed in the survey. The Bridges court concluded that the evidencе was insufficient to support the Commission’s finding that the plaintiff was capable of other employment. The court stated:

[BJefore it can be determined that [the] plaintiff is employable and can earn wages it must be established, not merely that jobs are available or that the average jоb seeker can get one, but that [the plaintiff] can obtain a job taking into account his specific limitations.

Id. at 400-01, 368 S.E.2d at 391.

Bridges did not change the long-standing rule that the claimant has the initial burden of proving that his/her wage earning capacity has been impaired by injury. Rather, Bridges stands for the proposition that onсe the claimant meets this initial burden, the defendant who claims that the plaintiff is capable of earning wages must come forward with evidence to show not only that suitable jobs are available, but ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‍also that the plaintiff is capable of getting one, taking into account both physical and vоcational limitations.

Thus, we believe that the Commission was referring to the defendant’s burden of rebutting the plaintiff’s initial showing of a continuing disability when it stated that the defendant bore the burden of showing that the plaintiff was capable of other employment. It is, therefore, apparent from the Commission’s оpinion that the defendant failed to do so, and we cannot disturb that determination, since the Industrial Commission has the exclusive authority to assign the weight to the evidence which is presented. Anderson v. Lincoln Constr. Co., 265 N.C. 431, 144 S.E.2d 272 (1965).

Although the defendant points to other evidence which it feels was incompetent to support the full Commissiоn’s findings of fact, we find it unnecessary to decide those points of contention in light of the rule that findings of fact which are supported by competent evidence are conclusive on appeal, even though other incompetent evidence may have been improperly аdmitted. Eaton v. Klopman Mills, Inc., 2 N.C. App. 363, 368, 163 S.E.2d 17, 20 (1968). Here, we conclude that the above-mentioned testimony was amply competent to support the Commission’s finding that the plaintiff was incapable of earning wages during the times stated in its opinion.

II

The defendant next contends that the Commission failed to make necessary findings regarding both thе extent and the permanency of the plaintiff’s disability. Although we agree that the Commission failed to make specific findings regarding both the extent and the permanency of the plaintiff’s injury, we nonetheless conclude that the findings were sufficiently definite to determine the rights of the parties.

Crucial facts, upon which thе question of the plaintiff’s right to compensation depends, require specific findings by the Commission. Gamble v. Borden, Inc., 45 N.C. App. 506, 263 S.E.2d 280, disc. review denied, 300 N.C. 372, 267 S.E.2d 675 (1980). The findings must be such that, on appeal, the court can determine whether they are supported by the evidence and whether the law has been properly applied to them. Gaines v. L.D. Swain & Son, 33 N.C. App. 575, 235 S.E.2d 856 (1977).

We acknowlеdge that duration is a critical finding necessary to support an award of compensation under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 97-29 and 30. See Gamble, 45 N.C. App. at 508, 263 S.E.2d at 281. “Once the Induátrial Commission has found that a ‘disability’ exists, the Commission must then determine whether that disability is (1) permanent total, (2) permanent partial, (3) total temporary, or (4) partial temporаry.” McKenzie v. McCarter Elec. Co., 86 N.C. App. 619, 621, 359 S.E.2d 249, 250 (1987). In its Finding of Fact number 6, the Commission merely found that “[a]s a result of the stipulated injury by accident on July 5, 1986, the plaintiff was incapable of earning any wages with the defendant employer or any other employer form [sic] the date of the accident through the date of the hearing in this cause on Novеmber 17, 1987.” Ordinarily, this finding would be insufficient to establish the crucial fact of duration upon which the plaintiffs right to compensation ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‍depends and to support an award of compensation. However, when taken as a whole, the Commission’s opinion and award implies that the plaintiff’s disability is a temporаry total one. The opinion contains references to the gradual improvement of plaintiff’s physical condition, and to “a slow return to activity.” These references imply that the plaintiff’s condition is temporary. Moreover, the Commission’s finding of fact that the plaintiff was incapable of earning any wages, and its many references to the “length of temporary total disability” suggest that the plaintiff’s injury was both temporary and total.

Although it should have been more clearly set out, we elect to treat the Commission’s finding that the plaintiff was incapable of earning any wages with the defendant оr any other employer from the date of the accident through the date of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner as a finding of temporary total disability. Compare Gamble, 45 N.C. App. at 509, 263 S.E.2d at 282, where the court stated:

The Commission in deleting ‘permanent’ from the Deputy Commissioner’s finding of fact and conclusion of law, in referring in its opinion to plaintiff’s cаse as one ‘wherein no one knows what the future holds’ and in concluding that the defendants owe plaintiff compensation ‘until plaintiff is tendered or obtains work suitable to his capacity or has a change in condition’

has, in effect, found that the duration of plaintiff’s disability is temporary.

Ill

The defendant’s final assignment of error is that the Commission’s findings of fact were insufficient to support the conclusion that the plaintiff was entitled to temporary total disability benefits “commencing with the accident on July 5, 1986, continuing through the date of the hearing on November 17, 1987, and to such time as his disability ends . . . .” The defendant claims that the findings of fact do not support the conclusion because the Commission failed to make any findings regarding the extent of the plaintiff’s condition. In addition, the defendant claims that there was no finding of fact which would support the conclusion that the plaintiff was entitled to disability benefits beyond the datе of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner. We disagree with both of these contentions.

First, our interpretation of Finding of Fact number 6, under Argument II, now brings it into harmony with the Commission’s conclusion of law that the plaintiff is entitled to temporary total disability benefits from the date of the accident until the datе of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner. Second, it would have been impossible for the Commission to properly make a finding regarding the termination date of temporary total disability benefits. The only evidence before the full Commission was that which was before the Deputy Commissioner, evidence which was gathered some eighteen months prior to the full Commission’s review. The full Commission apparently did not consider, nor was it required to consider, evidence in addition to that which was considered by the Deputy Commissioner. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-85 (1985). If the defendant desired the full Commission to consider any cirсumstances which may have changed during the interim between the date of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner and the date of the full Commission’s review, it-could have requested such consideration. Moreover, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-29 states that an employer must pay a temporary totally disabled employee benefits “during such [period of] total disability . . . .” It does not require a finding nor a conclusion regarding the termination date of temporary total disability benefits. Such a requirement ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‍would be illogical since a case of temporary total disability is one in which the duration of the disability is uncertain. See generally Gamble, 45 N.C. App. at 508, 263 S.E.2d at 281 (citing 2 A. Larson, The Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 57.10 (1976)).

For the reasons set forth above, the opinion and award of the Industrial Commission is

Affirmed.

Judges COZORT and ORR concur.