34 Mont. 205 | Mont. | 1906
delivered the opinion of the court.
Ejectment. The purpose of the action is to recover the possession of the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 35, and lot 5 of section 34, township 1 north of range 26 east of the principal meridian of Montana, situate in Yellowstone county.
The following facts are gathered from the record: Prior to 1892, the lands in controversy were included in the Crow Indian reservation. On December 8, 1890, under authority of an Act of Congress approved September 25, 1890 (26 Statutes at Large, 468, e. 913), a treaty was negotiated with the Crow Indians, by the terms of which a portion of their reservation, including a part of the land in controversy, was ceded to the government. Among other exceptions provided for under the treaty, were allotments theretofore made to Indians in severalty, and selections made by any of them under prior treaties. The treaty was ratified by Congress by an Act approved March 3, 1891 (26 Statutes at Large, 989, c. 543). By subsequent negotiations this treaty was modified under authority of an Act of Congress approved July 13, 1892 (27 Statutes at Large, 121, c. 164). ‘Thereupon the President by proclamation, on October 15, 1892 (27 Statutes at Large, 1034), declared that all lands ceded under the treaty were open to settlement, subject to the conditions, limitations, and reservations in section 34 of the Act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, and other laws applicable.
The plat of the township survey was filed in the local land office at Bozeman on August 7, 1895, and notice was published that entries could be made by homestead settlers after September 8, 1895. Prior to this time and on July 1, 1895, Kennedy made application to the land office at Bozeman ¿o enter as a homestead lot 5, section 34, the north half of the northwest quarter of section 35, lot 7, and the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 26, township 1 north, range 26 east. This application was not received because the plat of the survey had not then been filed in the office. All the land described in his application, except the north half of the
Defendant contended at the hearing of the contest that he had settled on the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 35, by erecting a tent thereon on April 27, 1895, and building a fence inclosing a part of this subdivision and also of lot 5 in section 26. He further contended that he had removed his family thereon on May 27th and that thereafter he had made his home there, having erected a dwelling and necessary outhouses. Kennedy’s contention was that his first act of settlement was the erection of a tent on the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 35, on May 24, 1895, and cleaning a portion of the surface, and that this was followed by the erection of a dwelling on the line between the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter and lot 5, into which he moved his family on May 29th and 30th where he had since resided. He further contended that his purchase of the orelinquishment of the Indian, High Nose, gave him priority of right over the defendant. As to the alleged settlement of the defendant, E. B. Kennedy further contended that the defendant went upon the land not as a settler, or with the intention of acquiring title by homestead entry, but under an agreement with the Indian, High Nose, and another by the name of Rivers, who had allotments in other portions of sec
On January 20, 1896, the local officers at Bozeman found that the defendant’s first act of settlement was on May 27th. They sustained plaintiff’s contention and dismissed the contest. The. defendant then appealed to the commissioner of the land office at Washington. That officer, in an opinion dated November 30, 1896, after a review of the evidence, affirmed the decision of the local officers. On appeal to the Secretary of the Interior the decision was again affirmed. A subsequent application for a rehearing was denied. The commissioner on his review of the case found that the plaintiff was the prior settler and that he had the equities in his favor by reason of his purchase of the allotment of High Nose. At the hearing before the Secretary of the Interior, besides going into the whole case on the facts, the defendant contended that E. B. Kennedy’s entry was void as to lot 5, section 34, because it was not open to settlement until the relinquishment of High Nose had been approved by the Interior Department, and as to the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 35, because it had been made upon papers executed before any of the lands were subject to entry, and because the land included in the entry was in excess of one hundred and sixty acres. The Secretary affirmed the finding of the inferior officers that E. B. Kennedy was the prior settler on the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 35, the portion not included in the High Nose allotment. Upon the questions of law presented by the contentions of the defendant, he held (1) that, as to the allotted land, though the entry was irregular, it was
These contentions, in the opinion of the Secretary, presented questions which the government only eould raise and which could not be effectually urged by defendant, whose rights under his alleged settlement were inferior to those of Kennedy. As to the portion of the land embraced within the allotment of High Nose the conclusion was that both Kennedy and defendant were trespassers, but that defendant stood in no position to question the validity of E. B. Kennedy’s settlement because made prior to the time the relinquishment became operative.
The evidence introduced at the trial in the district court consisted of a copy of the .evidence submitted at the contest in the land office, supplemented by such other evidence of a cumulative and impeaching character as the parties could procure. Indeéd, it was in the nature of a rehearing of the contest and differed in nowise from what it would have been had it taken place before the Land Department officers.
The district court found (1) that E. B. Kennedy prevented the defendant from producing one Shock as a witness and having his evidence heard at the contest in the land office; (2) that Kennedy caused one Warren Burton to be imprisoned during November, 1895, so that his evidence eould not be obtained and used by the defendant; (3) that he likewise caused one John Miller to be imprisoned with a like result; (4) that Kennedy conspired with one Steele, the reservation farmer, and other persons, to defraud defendant of the land in controversy; (5) that Kennedy gave false testimony at the contest, in that he swore that the Indian, High Nose, was dead so that he eould not produce him to corroborate his (Kennedy’s) statement as to defendant’s arrangement with High Nose and Rivers under which he entered upon the land, and as to his repair of the fence thereon; (6) that there was in
As conclusions of law the court held: (1) That E. B. Kennedy’s entry, made upon papers executed on July 1, 1895, was void; (2) that the purchase of the allotment of High Nose by E. B. Kennedy gave him no preferential right of settlement; (3) that as to lot 5 of section 34, both E. B. Kennedy and the defendant were trespassers up to October 14, 1895, the date at which the relinquishment of High Nose became operative, since the said relinquishment was ineffective until approved by the Secretary of the Interior; (4) that, since the defendant was the prior legal settler, the officers of the Land Department misconstrued and misapplied the law to the facts found by them; (5) that E. B. Kennedy, at the time of his death, was holding the title to lot 5, section 34, and the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 35, as involuntary trustee of the defendant, and that the plaintiff, his administratrix, was holding the same as his successor as such involuntary trustee; and (6) that the defendant was entitled
The questions submitted for decision are: 1. Does the evidence justify findings 1, 2, 3, and 4; 2. Can the judgment be sustained upon the other findings of fact made by the court,- and 3. Did the officers of the Land Department misconstrue and misapply the law to the facts found by them?
After the contest arose, Burton and Miller were arrested by the federal authorities at the instance of Steele, the reservation farmer, for trespassing upon the reservation. They were committed for trial in the United States court at Helena. Both Were indicted by a grand jury. Upon a trial Burton was convicted and fined, but Miller was acquitted. Both were in jail at Helena at the time of the hearing at Bozeman. Assuming that the evidence could not have been obtained by deposition, and that the defendant was not guilty of negligence in failing to procure it, there is nothing to show that Kennedy instigated their arrest or that the motive actuating Steele in procuring it was to aid Kennedy. Kennedy and Steele were intimate. Both were witnesses at the trial of Burton and Miller, as well as at the trial of the contest. But this fact, standing alone, furnishes no substantial ground for a finding that the two were engaged in a criminal conspiracy to procure a ebnvietion of these witnesses and thus prevent the defendant from using their evidence. If it be a fact that they entered into and were partially successful in carrying out such a conspiracy, it was not established by anything in this record.
The same may be said of the fourth finding. Beyond the fact that Steele and Kennedy were friendly, and that Steele aided Kennedy in any way he could to establish his claim, there is no substantial proof that they expressly or impliedly agreed to defraud the defendant. While it does appear that Steele, at the instance of Kennedy, removed other persons from portions of the allotted land, he did not remove the defendant from his alleged claim, even though defendant was himself from
The Land Department of the federal government is the tribunal specially designated by law to receive and consider the evidence and thereupon determine the rights growing out of settlements upon public lands, with a purpose to secure them to those who have complied with the laws regulating the disposition of them. If its officers err in the interpretation of the law applicable to the facts presented, or a fraud is practiced by one rival claimant upon the other by which the latter is deprived of his right, or if the officers themselves are chargeable with fraudulent practices which have resulted in their granting title to the wrong party, their action may be reviewed and annulled by a court of equity at the instance of the aggrieved claimant, and the wrongful holder of the title may be compelled to surrender it. But for mere errors of judgment upon the weight of the evidence produced before them in any case, "the only remedy is by appeal from one officer to another of the department. Upon such questions their rulings are final and conclusive upon all courts whatsoever. These fundamental rules have been settled by many decisions of the supreme court of the United States and have frequently been recognized and applied by this court. (Bagnell v. Broderick, 13 Pet. (U. S.) 436, 10 L. Ed. 235; Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. (U. S.) 72, 20 L. Ed. 485; St. Louis Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 636, 26 L. Ed. 875; Shepley v. Cowan, 91 U. S. 340, 23 L. Ed. 424; Quinby v. Conlan, 104 U. S. 420, 26 L. Ed. 800; Silver Bow M. & M. Co. v. Clark, 5 Mont. 378, 5 Pac. 570; Colburn v. Northern Pac. R. R.
It is also as well settled by the adjudicated cases and text-writers that the fraud in respect to which relief will be granted in any case must have been practiced upon the unsuccessful party, with the result that he has been prevented from fully and fairly presenting his case for consideration. In short, the situation in the case must have been such that there has never been a decision in a real contest over the matter in controversy. The fraud must have been extrinsic and collateral to the matter tried by the department, and not in a matter tried upon its merits and upon which the decision was rendered. (United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U. S. 61, 25 L. Ed. 93; Vance v. Burbank, 101 U. S. 514, 25 L. Ed. 929; Lee v. Johnson, 116 U. S. 48, 6 Sup. Ct. 249, 29 L. Ed. 570; Thornton v. Peery, 7 Okla. 441, 54 Pac. 649; Cagle v. Dunham, 14 Okla. 610, 78 Pac. 561.)
United States v. Throckmorton, supra, was a suit brought to set aside and declare void a confirmation by the board of land commissioners of private land claims of California, of a claim of one Richardson under a Mexican grant. The ground of the action was that the decision of the board had been obtained by fraud. The specific fraud alleged was that Richardson had obtained from Micheltorena, the former political chief of California under the Mexican government, a grant to the lands in controversy falsely and fraudulently antedated so as to impose on the commissioners the belief that it had been made at a time when Micheltorena had power to make it. It was alleged that perjured depositions were procured and filed along with the fraudulent grant. The court, in deciding the case, adopted the view, and correctly we think, that cases arising out of controversies over public lands and involving the validity of determinations of the officers of the Land Department, are governed by the principles applicable to ordinary suits in equity brought
“If the court has been mistaken in the law, there is a remedy by writ of error. If the jury has been mistaken in the facts, there is the same remedy by motion for new trial. If there has been evidence discovered since the trial, a motion for a new trial will give appropriate relief. But all these are parts of the same proceeding, relief is given in the same suit, and the party is not vexed by another suit for the same matter. So, in a suit in chancery, on proper showing, a rehearing is granted. If the injury complained of is an erroneous decision, an appeal to a higher court gives opportunity to correct the error. If new evidence is discovered after the decree has become final, a bill of review on that ground may be filed within the rules prescribed by law on that subject. Here, again, these proceedings are all part of the same suit, and the rule framed for the repose of society (interest reipubUcae ut sit finis litium) is not violated. But there is an admitted exception to this general rule, in cases where, by reason of something done by the successful party to a suit, there was, in fact, no adversary trial or decision of the issue in the case. 'Where the unsuccessful party has been prevented from exhibiting fully his case, by fraud or deception practiced on him by his opponent, as by keeping him away from court, (by) a false promise of a compromise, or where the defendant never had knowledge of the suit, being kept in ignorance by the acts of the plaintiff; or where an attorney fraudulently or without authority assumes to represent a party and connives at his defeat; or where the attorney regularly employed corruptly sells out his client’s interest to the other side — these and similar cases which show that there has never been a real contest in the trial or hearing of the case, are reasons for which a new suit may be sustained to set aside and annul the former judgment or decree, and open the case for a new and fair hearing. * * * On the other hand, the doctrine is equally well settled that the court will not set aside a judgment because it was founded on a fraudulent instrument, or perjured evi*221 ■denee, or for any matter which, was actually presented and considered in the judgment assailed.”
In Vance v. Burbank, supra, it is said in the same connection: ■“The appropriate officers of the Land Department have been constituted a special tribunal to decide such questions, and their decisions are final to the same extent that those of other judicial or quasi judicial tribunals are. It has also been settled that the fraud in respect to which relief will be granted in this class of eases must be such as has been practiced on the unsuccessful party and prevented him from exhibiting his ease fully to the department, so that it may properly be said that there has never been a decision in a real contest about the subject matter of inquiry. False testimony or forged documents even are not enough, if the disputed matter has actually been presented to or considered by the appropriate tribunal. ’ ’
Again, in Quinby v. Conlan, supra, the court through Mr. Justice Field said: “For mere errors of judgment, as to the weight of evidence on these subjects, by any of the subordinate officers, the only remedy is by an appeal to his superior of the department. The courts cannot exercise any direct appellate jurisdiction over the rulings of those officers, or of their superior in the department in such matters, nor can they reverse or correct them in a collateral proceeding between private parties. In this case the allegation that false and fraudulent representations, as to the settlement of the plaintiff, were made to the officers of the Land Department, is negatived by the finding of the court. It would lead to endless litigation and be fruitful of evil if a supervisory power were vested in the courts over the action of the numerous officers of the Land Department, on mere questions of fact presented for their determination. It is only when those officers have misconstrued the law applicable to the case, as established before the department, and thus have denied to parties rights which, upon a correct construction, would have been conceded to them, or where misrepresentations and fraud have been practiced, necessarily affecting their judgment, that the courts can,
The rule applicable is thus stated by Mr. Herman in his work on Estoppel' and Res Judicata: “Sec. 395. In every litigated case where the interests involved are large there is generally conflicting evidence. Witnesses looking at the same transaction from different standpoints give different accounts of' it. The statements of some are unconsciously affected by their wishes, hopes or prejudices. Some, from defective recollection, will blend what they themselves saw or heard with what they have received from the narration of others. Uncertainty as to the truth in a contested case will thus arise from the imperfection of human testimony. In addition to this source of uncertainty may be added the possibility of the perjury of witnesses and the fabrication of documents. The cupidity of some and the corruption of others may lead to the use of the culpable means of gaining a cause. But every litigant enters upon the trial of a cause knowing not merely the uncertainty of human testimony when honestly given, but that, if he has an unscrupulous antagonist, he may have to encounter fraud of this character. He takes the chances of establishing his ease by opposing testimony, and by subjecting his opponent’s witnesses to the scrutiny of a certain cross-examination. The case is not the less tried on its merits, and the judgment rendered is none the less conclusive, by reason of the false testimony produced. Thus, if an action be brought upon a promissory note, and issue be joined on its execution, and judgment go for the plaintiff, and there is no appeal, or if an appeal be taken and the judgment be affirmed, the judgment is conclusive between the parties, although, in fact, the note
In the case at bar the fraud upon which the court permitted the defendant to recover is inferred from the fact that false testimony was given at the contest as to the character of the defendant’s entry upon the land in controversy. As we have seen from an examination of the cases cited, this is not such fraud as will justify the interference of a court of equity. The possibility of the presence of perjury at any controversy in courts is always to be anticipated, and when a party is awarded a trial, he must be prepared to meet and expose it then and there. The very object of the trial is to ascertain the truth from conflicting evidence, and necessarily the result of the investigation is a determination of the truth or falsity of the story of every witness who has testified. The trial is the complaining party’s opportunity to make the truth appear, and if he fails, being overborne by perjured testimony, he is unfortunate but nevertheless without remedy. (Pico v. Cohn, supra.) This seems to be a harsh rule, but any other would promote endless litigation and open the door to even greater fraud by encouraging litigants to attempt to set aside judgments after the evidence upon which
Under the rule established by the authorities, although the finding that Kennedy and his witnesses swore falsely at the contest at Bozeman be ever so well established by the proof, nevertheless it is wholly immaterial and does not warrant the judgment of the district court. Nor does the fact that the court found upon the evidence that the settlement of defendant was prior to that of Kennedy.
But, conceding the rule to be that a judgment may be overturned on the ground alleged, the allegations and proofs offered must be something more than a mere rehearing upon substantially the same case submitted at the hearing which resulted in the judgment complained of. Here nothing is presented for determination other than the question decided by the Land Department, to-wit: the truth of the statements of the witnesses who testified at the hearing. It is true that some additional witnesses testified in the district court, but their testimony was entirely cumulative and impeaching in character, and upon this feature of the case the findings and judgment of the district court are the result of a different conclusion reached upon practically the same facts submitted to the Land Department. Said Mr. Justice Field in Lee v. Johnson, supra: “A judicial inquiry as to the correctness of such conclusions would encroach upon a jurisdiction which Congress has devolved- exclusively upon the department. It is only when frai " and imposition have prevented the unsuccessful party in a contest from fully presenting his case, or the officers from fully considering it, that a court will look into the evidence.”
For the same reason the defendant cannot complain of the decision that the entry was not void for that Kennedy , was a trespasser upon lot 5, section 34, or that he had superior equities by reason of his purchase of the High Nose allotment. Whether this latter conclusion was reached by ignoring the trespass or upon the theory that his occupancy of the allotment, originally wrongful, was made good from its inception by relation, by the approval and recognition of the relinquishment on October 14, 1895, it furnishes the defendant no ground to complain. In any event, if Kennedy’s occupancy of lot 5, section 34, was wrongful, the defendant cannot be heard to say that his alleged occupancy was of any higher character. But however this may be, the disposition of this matter was for the government, and defendant has no ground to complain that an oversight on the part of the officers of the government deprived him of any right, when, as a matter of fact, he had no right.
The district court, we think, was in error in deciding the ease as it did. At the close of defendant’s evidence the plaintiff requested the court to find in her favor. This it should have done,
The judgment and order are, therefore, reversed, and the cause is remanded to be proceeded with in accordance with the suggestions herein.
Reversed and remanded.
Rehearing denied, June 16, 1906.