Kenneth F. KENNEALLY, Individually and as Next Friend of Timothy F. Kenneally, and Ivy Kenneally, Appellants, v. Bruce A. THURN, Et Al., Appellees.
No. 16523.
Court of Appeals of Texas, San Antonio.
April 29, 1983.
Rehearing Denied June 1, 1983.
653 S.W.2d 69
In ascertaining whether the guilt of the accused has been established to a moral certainty, [we] will review the evidence in light of the presumption that the accused is innocent. [We] will not presume any acts against the accused that are not shown to have been committed by him. Furthermore, a conviction will not be sustained on appeal if the evidence does not sufficiently establish all material elements of the offense charged.
Moreover, in determining whether incriminating circumstances are sufficient, each case must be tested on its own facts. Flores, supra.
We find the evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction based on circumstantial evidence. There is no other reasonable hypothesis in this case except that of the defendant‘s guilt. Appellant‘s ground is overruled.
Judgment is affirmed.
Before CADENA, C.J., and ESQUIVEL and DIAL, JJ.
OPINION
CADENA, Chief Justice.
Plaintiffs, Kenneth F. Kenneally, individually and as next friend of Timothy Kenneally, a minor, and Ivy Kenneally, appeal from a judgment awarding the $8,415.00 as compensation for injuries received by Timothy Kenneally in a vehicular collision.
The suit was originally filed against defendants, Bruce Thurn, his father, Charles Thurn, the City of San Antonio and Ann Ulrich. Plaintiffs alleged that Bruce Thurn, operator of the vehicle which was involved in the collision with a motorcycle being operated by Timothy Kenneally, negligently operated his vehicle; that Charles Thurn negligently entrusted the vehicle in question to Bruce Thurn that the City of San Antonio was negligent in permitting a stop sign to be obscured from view by crepe myrtle bushes; and that Ann Ulrich, occupant of the house on the corner of the street at which the accident occurred, negligently failed to trim the bushes which were located on her property but within the City‘s easement.
After the jury had been empaneled and sworn, plaintiffs announced that they had settled their claim against Ulrich and took a nonsuit as to her. At the close of testimony the trial court granted a motion for instructed verdict filed by the City.
In this opinion, unless otherwise indicated, “Kenneally” will be used to refer to Timothy Kenneally, the minor who was in-jured in the collision, and “Thurn” will be used to refer to Bruce Thurn, the defendant who was operating the automobile involved in the collision.
The accident occurred at the intersection of Montrose Avenue and Rossi Street in San Antonio on the afternoon of January 25, 1977. Montrose Avenue runs east and west, while Rossi Street runs north and south.
Thurn was approaching the intersection, travelling east on Montrose, while Kenneally was approaching the intersection on his motorcycle, travelling north on Rossi. A stop sign had been erected by City on the southwest corner of the intersection, controlling traffic proceeding east on Montrose. The testimony showed that the view of the stop sign was obscured by bushes growing on the property owned by Ulrich, but located on the unimproved portion of the City‘s street easement. Thurn testified that he entered the intersection without stopping because the stop sign was not visible. Kenneally testified that the bushes prevented him from seeing eastbound traffic on Montrose, and that he did not see the Thurn vehicle until his motorcycle struck it near the right rear door.
Twenty special issues were submitted to the jury. Issues two, five and twenty were conditionally submitted and were not answered. The answers to the remaining special issues were as follows:
- Thurn‘s failure to stop at the intersection was not negligence. (This special issue was accompanied by an instruction that Thurn‘s failure to stop constituted negligence unless his failure to stop was excused because his view of the stop sign was obstructed.)
- and 4. As Thurn approached the intersection, Kenneally‘s motorcycle was approaching the intersection “in such proximity as to be a hazard,” but Thurn‘s failure to yield to the Kenneally vehicle was not negligence.
- Thurn was negligent in failing to keep a proper lookout and in failing to apply his brakes, and each such negligent act was a proximate cause of the accident.
- and 8. Bruce Thurn was a reckless and incompetent driver and his father, Charles Thurn knew or should have known this fact.
- 10 and 11. The Thurn vehicle entered the intersection substantially in advance of the Kenneally motorcycle, and
Kenneally‘s failure to yield to the Thurn vehicle was negligence which was a proximate cause of the accident. (In connection with these issues, the jury was instructed that the driver of a vehicle which has entered an intersection has the right of way “with respect to another vehicle approaching the intersection from a different highway.“) - Kenneally was negligent in operating his vehicle at an unreasonable speed, in failing to keep a proper lookout and in failing to apply his brakes properly. Each such negligent act was a proximate cause of the accident.
- 14 and 15. Ann Ulrich was negligent in failing to trim the crepe myrtle bushes and such negligence was a proximate cause of the accident.
- Ann Ulrich was guilty of 50% of the negligence which caused the accident; 30% of such causal negligence was attributable to Thurn; and 20% of such causal negligence was attributable to Kenneally.
- Kenneally‘s damages totalled $28,150.00.
- The “reasonable expense ... for necessary medical and hospital care furnished” Kenneally by the United States government in the past for treatment of the injuries resulting from the accident was found to be “$00.00“.
- Charles A. Thurn was not grossly negligent in allowing Bruce Thurn to drive the vehicle involved in the accident.
Plaintiffs’ first two points, which complain of the action of the trial court in sustaining the City‘s motion for instructed verdict must be sustained.
City contends that the maintenance of traffic control signs is a governmental function, and that under the provisions of the Tort Claims Act,
City‘s contentions must be rejected in view of the holding in Lorig v. City of Mission, 629 S.W.2d 699 (Tex.1982), that the obstruction of a traffic sign by trees or bushes is a “condition” of such sign, exposing the municipality to liability under section 14(12) of the Tort Claims Act for negligent failure to keep the view of the sign unobstructed. The fact that Lorig was decided after the trial of this case is irrelevant. The decision did not change established law. In the course of the Lorig opinion, the Supreme Court pointed out that the decision of the intermediate appellate court absolving the municipality from liability was in conflict with the prior holding by the Supreme Court in City of Austin v. Daniels, 160 Tex. 628, 335 S.W.2d 753 (1960).
There is sufficient evidence to raise a question of fact as to whether the condition had existed for such a length of time that City, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have discovered it. The photographs introduced in evidence showed that the bushes were scraggly, indicating that they had not been trimmed in some time. One of the residents in the area testified that the bushes had been there as long as she could remember. The evidence also showed that various police officers of the City, while on routine patrol, drove through the intersection, driving in an easterly direction, several times a month.
The granting of City‘s motion for instructed verdict was error. Texas Employers Insurance Association v. Page, 553 S.W.2d 98, 100 (Tex.1977).
The jury found that as Thurn approached the intersection the Kenneally vehicle was in such proximity as to constitute a hazard (issue 3). The jury also found that Thurn‘s vehicle entered the intersection substantially ahead of Kenneally (issue 9). We reject plaintiffs’ contention that the two findings are in irreconcilable conflict.
In answer to issue six, the jury found that Thurn was proximately negligent with respect to lookout and application of brakes, and that such negligence was a proximate cause of the accident. If, while
Although there is no fatal conflict, it should be pointed out that the trial court, by submitting issues three and four, and then submitting issues nine, ten and eleven, created a situation which permitted the jury to find that both Thurn and Kenneally had the right of way. The instruction, accompanying issues nine, ten and eleven, that Thurn had the right of way if he entered the intersection substantially ahead of Kenneally, is not correct. Under the facts of this case, Kenneally had the right of way, even if we treat the intersection as an uncontrolled intersection (assuming the stop sign was not visible to Thurn) because he was approaching the intersection to Thurn‘s right.
Plaintiffs correctly insist that evidence that Ulrich, after the accident, trimmed the crepe myrtle should not have been admitted. While it is true that evidence of post-accident remedial measures may be admissible for the purpose of showing that the dangerous condition could have been eliminated, such rule should only be applied in cases where the possibility of eliminating the danger is contested. In this case the photographs of the condition of the bushes at the time of the accident established that the dangerous situation could have been corrected merely by trimming the bushes. In fact, plaintiffs’ cause of action against Ulrich and the City was predicated squarely on the theory that trimming the bushes would have cured the dangerous situation. Nor was such evidence admissible for the purpose of showing that Ulrich had the right to control the growth of the bushes on her property. Her right to control the growth of the bushes on her property was not in dispute.
Plaintiffs’ contention that the trial court erred in instructing the jury, in connection with issue one, that Thurn‘s failure to stop at the intersection would constitute negligence unless such failure was excusable because the stop sign was not visible, has no merit. In the absence of an excuse, the failure to stop at the stop sign would be negligence per se. But the fact that the sign was obstructed by the bushes was clearly an acceptable excuse since it established that Thurn neither knew nor should have known of the occasion for compliance with the statute requiring him to stop at a stop sign. Impson v. Structural Metals, 487 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex.1972). Plaintiffs concede that the obstruction of the stop sign would qualify as an excuse, but insist that the excuse was available to Thurn only if his ignorance of the occasion for compliance was not due to his own negligent conduct, and that the jury should have been so instructed. We do not agree. Thurn‘s unawareness of his obligation to stop in obedience of the stop sign was not, under any stretch of the imagination, due to any negligent conduct on his part. The invisibility of the stop sign was due to circumstances completely beyond his control. The possibility that Thurn‘s lack of awareness of the occasion for compliance with the applicable statute relating to stop signs was simply not raised by the evidence. Plain-
In their pleadings plaintiffs alleged that, because of the injuries resulting from the collision, Kenneally received medical and hospital care and treatment furnished by the United States of America. They also alleged that, under
Plaintiffs alleged that, with the express consent of the United States, they sought recovery for the benefit of the government of the reasonable value of the care and treatment furnished by the United States to Kenneally.
Section 2651(b) provides that the United States may enforce its right by joining or intervening in any suit instituted by the recipient of the medical services against the tort-feasor, or if no such action is commenced by the injured person within six months after the first day in which treatment is furnished, the United States may sue the tort-feasor in any United States or State court in its own name or in the name of the recipient of the services.
The Federal statute provides that the United States may enforce its right (1) by subrogation or requiring the injured party to assign his claim to the United States; (2) by intervening in a suit filed by such third party against the tort-feasor; or (3) by filing a suit against the tort-feasor independently of any suit filed by the injured party.
In Conley v. Mataala, 303 F.Supp. 484, 485 (D.N.H.1969), the court correctly pointed out that the procedures specified in the statute are permissive, rather than mandatory, and went on to hold that the injured party, in the suit filed by him against the tort-feasor, may, at the request of the United States and without joinder of the United States, enforce the government‘s claim for the sole benefit of the United States.
It is true that the procedures outlined in the statute are not mandatory. But the fact that officials of the United States are not unequivocally required to attempt to enforce the claim of the United States cannot be interpreted to mean that the injured party may, in a suit to which the United States is not a party, enforce the government‘s claim.
In Conley, the United States had made formal demand for payment by letter to the tort-feasor and had, by letter, requested plaintiff‘s attorney to prosecute the government‘s claim in the suit filed by plaintiff against the tort-feasor. The record before us contains no evidence that the United States ever demanded payment from Thurn, nor is there anything in the record indicating that the United States authorized plaintiff or his attorney to seek recovery on behalf of the government. Conley is inapplicable.
Plaintiffs’ complaint concerning the finding of the jury in response to issue eighteen, which inquired concerning the “reasonable expense” for hospital and medical care furnished by the United States, (to which the jury answered “$00.00“) is irrelevant.
The judgment must be reversed because of the error of the trial court in granting City‘s motion for instructed verdict. Thurn insists that only the portion of the case concerning City‘s liability should be reversed and that the portion of the judgment adjudicating plaintiffs’ rights against the Thurns should be severed and affirmed. We cannot agree.
Under
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
ON APPELLEE CITY OF SAN ANTONIO‘S MOTION FOR REHEARING
A judgment was entered in this proceeding on April 29, 1983, reversing the judgment of the trial court and assessing costs against appellees, Bruce A. Thurn and Charles Thurn. Appellees’ have filed a motion for a rehearing requesting in part that costs be readjudged.
Our opinion reverses the judgment of the trial court because of its error in granting an instructed verdict in favor of the City of San Antonio. Since reversible error is not attributable to appellees, Bruce A. Thurn and Charles Thurn, good cause exists to tax costs to appellants and the City of San Antonio.
Accordingly, the costs of appeal are retaxed three-fourths to appellee, The City of San Antonio and one-fourth to appellant, Kenneth F. Kenneally. In all other respects, appellees’ motions for rehearing are denied.