This is an action for damages alleged to have been caused by sheep of the defendants eating and destroying certain hay owned and held in stack by the plaintiff upon certain inclosed premises described in the petition. There was a jury trial, resulting in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the full amount claimed, and the defendants have appealed.
The material averments of the petition, including amendments allowed upon the trial are: That in conducting the plaintiff’s business of raising, breeding, buying, selling, ranging, pasturing and feeding cattle in Johnson and Sheridan counties, in this State, it is necessary to buy, own, bold and feed large quantities of hay, especially in the winter time. That for the purpose of feeding said cattle during the winter of 1916-1917 he purchased, owned and held in stack 150 tons of hay on certain described premises. That said premises were surrounded by a lawful fence, and said stacks were surrounded by good and lawful fences maintained by the plaintiff. That during said winter the defendants permitted their sheep in charge of a herder to run upon said hay, and to eat, trample down and destroy it, and that said defendants intentionally and wrongfully drove their said sheep upon said hay and wrongfully fed a part of it to said sheep, and wrongfully caused the sheep to trample down, eat and destroy seventy-five (75) tons of
That by reason of the loss of said hay during the said winter, thirteen head of plaintiff’s cattle died, each of the value of sixty-five dollars ($65.00), and of the total value of eight hundred forty-five dollars ($845.00). That by reason of the aforesaid wrongful and unlawful acts of the said defendants, the plaintiff has sustained damages in the total sum of twenty-three hundred forty-five dollars ($2345.00), no part of which has been paid. It is also alleged that to preserve the remainder of said hay it was necessary to begin an injunction suit, “now pending in this court. ’ ’
The answer denies generally each and every allegation of the petition, and for a second defense alleges in substance : That the defendants were engaged in the business of raising, growing, marketing, pasturing and feeding sheep in Johnson County, Wyoming, and purchased hay •and pasture for use in conducting said business. That in the fall of 1916 they purchased from W. C. Hoffman & Son, and the Northern Wyoming Land Company, certain hay then stacked and located upon the premises described in plaintiff’s petition, and also leased from them, they then being the owners thereof, all of the pasture located upon said premises, and by the terms of the lease, became entitled to the full, complete and exclusive possession of all of the said premises, and entitled to run and range their sheep thereon to the exclusion of any other person or persons, to and including April 1, 1917. That plaintiff had no right to the possession of any portion of the premises, but knew that defendants were lessees of and entitled to the exclusive possession thereof and entitled to run and range their sheep thereon. That plaintiff negligently failed to fence his haystacks with a lawful or any fence, although the defendants repeatedly and frequently demanded that he care for his said hay and take steps to prevent loss there
Plaintiff replied, first' denying every allegation of the answer, and for further reply alleging that at the time of the purchase by the defendants of hay and pasture on said premises they knew that plaintiff had in stacks thereon a large quantity of hay, which was inclosed in the stackyards thereon, and that this plaintiff had. the right to feed the said hay out upon the said premises during the winter of 1916-1917 to his cattle; that such purchase by the defendants was made with the understanding and agreement that the plaintiff should have a portion of said premises for the purpose of feeding his hay to his cattle during the said winter and following spring; and that the plaintiff had an understanding with the said Hoffman and Son and said Land Company that his hay should remain on said lands to be fed out by him as aforesaid, and with the right to remove the same. The reply further alleges that during said wim
The following facts in the case are established by the evidence without substantial conflict; the plaintiff was engaged in the cattle business and the defendants in the sheep business as alleged respectively in the pétition and answer. On November 20, 1915, the plaintiff purchased, under a written contract, from one M. T. Redman, then the owner of the Redman Ranch on Clear Creek, this State, 1154 tons of hay located in stacks upon said ranch, together with all pasture on the ranch, except a small pasture reserved by Redman for his own use, and not involved in this case. By the express terms of that contract the plaintiff was authorized to take possession of hay and pasture at any time after the date thereof, and he was to have barn room for his horses, sheds for his cattle, and the use of the dwelling house upon the ranch while feeding the hay. He agreed thereby to have the hay fed, and redeliver possession on or before April 1, 1916, but it was provided in that connection that if he “shall have any hay unfed upon said place on April 1, 1916, he shall have a reasonable time thereafter within which to dispose of said hay.” There was also a provision in the contract requiring Redman to fence the haystacks and the plaintiff to keep up such fences when built.
Of the hay so purchased, which included the crop of 1915 and part of the crop of 1914, about 385 tons remained upon the place on April 1, 1916, and until the early spring of 1917, and that is the hay involved in the alleged trespass. Said hay was left upon the ranch in stacks, and, as we understand, as originally stacked, located in several stack-yards, five or six as we recall the testimony, in an enclosed cultivated field or meadow where alfalfa had been raised,
Sometime ofter the date of the contract aforesaid between Redman and the plaintiff, and prior to April, 1916, the Northern Wyoming Land Company became the owner of the Redman ranch, and that company leased it to one W. C. Hoffman, or to him and his son who are referred to in the testimony as Hoffman and Son, for one year from April 1 or 3, 1916. The lease was not offered in evidence, but W. C. Hoffman testified that he took possession about April 3, 1916, and left about April 3, 1917, and the son testified that he lived on the ranch one year, going there with his father in the spring of 1916, and left there in April, 1917 And it appears also that the lessor and lessee were each to have one-half of the hay crop and pasture.
At the timé the Land Company acquired title to the ranch, and leased it to Hoffman and Son, its managing officer knew that the hay remaining in the stackyards in the field in question belonged to the plaintiff, and Hoffman and Son also knew that said hay belonged to the plaintiff when they took their lease, and the elder Hoffman testified that he had no objection to the plaintiff having the hay there.. Before leasing the premises, as aforesaid, the company through its managing officer consented that the pláin-tiff might keep said hay in said stacks “that he might feed it.” While it does not directly appear that Hoffman and Son were parties to that consent, W. C. Hoffman, senior member of the firm, testified that when negotiating with the defendants for the sale of the 1916 crop of hay and the pasture on the ranch he suggested to one of them that if they could make it convenient for the plaintiff to feed his said hay “someplace there” he “would like for them to do it.”
In the fall of 1916 a large part of the hay crop of that year was stacked in the same stackyards with plaintiff’s said hay, but in separate stacks, and was then sold in the stack together with the pasture on the ranch to the defendants by Hoffman and Son and the said Land Company; the
After the defendants had taken possession of said ranch, the Land Company, through its managing officer, offered the plaintiff an enclosed pasture adjoining the field aforesaid in which to feed his said hay to his cattle, and early in -March, 1917, 1390 head of his cattle were brought there for that purpose. At that time the defendants had fed to their sheep most of the hay belonging to them in said stack-
The plaintiff’s employees commenced to haul .from his haystacks to the cattle in the adjoining pasture aforesaid on or about the 9th day of March, 1917, or sometime between the 7th and 10th of that month. And, according to. the testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses, his said employees then observed that parts of the fences around all but one of the haystacks were down, and that the sheep of the defendants had been upon all of the stacks and had been and were eating plaintiff's hay. As it is contended that the evidence introduced to establish trespass is not sufficient to justify the verdict under the law applicable to the case, and that the instructions do not properly state the law applicable to the evidence, it seems necessary to state enough of the evidence on the subject to show its general character and effect and explain the question presented to the jury under the court’s instructions. And that cannot be done better than by narrating or quoting part of the testimony of some of the witnesses.
In the first place, to save repetition, it may be stated as a fact testified to by all but one or two of plaintiff’s witnesses who testified upon the subject of the alleged trespass, that the winter of 1916-1917 was unusually severe, that there was considerable snow on the ground and badly crusted, and that such condition existed in the field containing said haystacks, so that there was practically no grazing anywhere in the field around or near the stackyards; that in some places the snow had been drifted from outside a staekr yard over the fence and against the haystack therein, over which sheep might walk and reach the hay in the stack. ■ It should perhaps also be said here that there is a conflict in the evidence as to the condition of the fences around most of the' stackyards at the time and after plaintiff commenced hauling and feeding his said hay to his .cattle; said conflict
John A. Moore, who testified that he had been plaintiff’s purchasing agent and had purchased the hay in question for the plaintiff, and who seems to have had general charge of feeding said hay to plaintiff’s cattle and of the movements of the cattle to and from the pasture where they were fed, testified in substance with reference to the alleged trespass as follows :
That on March 10th or 11th, he found the end fences, the gates as a rule at the end of the stackyards, open and thrown back, while most of the wires of the side fences were up on the posts and badly “slacked” by sheep running through the fence, that on four occasions he observed sheep of the defendants in the field and at several of the hay stacks af that time, sheep of a band approximating 1800 head, and eating the hay from the stacks; that he told the herder in charge of the sheep to keep his sheep away from the hay; that the herder answered “All right, ” but didn’t keep them away. That later he asked Mr. Rose, the prosecuting attorney of the county, to go with him to the Redman ranch, where he then had a conversation with the herder, as follows : “I,told the herder that this man Rose was the Prosecuting Attorney of this county, and that I intended to do something to make Healy keep his sheep away, and the herder said, ‘I can’t do it.’ I said ‘Keep them away, or I will put you in jail. ’ ‘Well, ’ he says, ‘I will go to the camp and quit. ’ I said, ‘ That is your business, not mine. ’ ’ ’ That at that time the herder had the sheep “right around Kendrick’s hay on top of the stack.” That fully 75 tons of the hay had been eaten up, and some was more or less tainted by the sheep tramping over it and left in bad shape. That .all of the stacks were .eaten in at the sides and around the ■ends, some of them badly eaten into — from three feet to the middle.of the stack in places. That the herder kept
H. B. Bandy, another witness for the plaintiff testified that he had made his home at the Redman ranch, about 12 or 14 years, had assisted in putting up the Kendrick hay, and built the fences around the stackyards, and was employed by the plaintiff in February, 1917 and assisted in hauling his said hay to the adjoining pasture. That about the 9th or 10th of March, the fences around the Kendrick hay had been opened, the wire at the ends “laid back”— not all of the yards, but quite a few of them. That he then saw sheep there, all over the haystacks; that he asked the herder to keep the sheep away, and the latter said, “All right. ’ ’ That the second day after that he saw the herder on a haystack with his sheep all around him, and he asked him if he was not going to keep the.sheep away, to which the herder replied: “No, he had orders to let them go to it..” That the sheep, 1500 or 2000, were around the stack on which the herder was; that they were there all over the hay until after the injunction was served. That the herder took the sheep back to the house in the evening, and in the morning brought them to the haystacks in the field. “He would bring them right down there around the haystacks, every morning.” That when the witness first went there, he observed that they (referring probably to the employees of the defendants) were hauling hay from two of the stack-yards, and when they came out, they did not close the gates. That there was one stackyard without any gates, the fences being solid and sufficient to keep out horses and cattle, and that all of the hay in it had been eaten up and destroyed,
Charles Stagmire, who had assisted in hauling plaintiff’s hay to the cattle, testified that when he first went to the field where the hay was the defendants had about 4 tons of hay remaining in one of the yards. That when defendants hauled their hay to be fed they did not put up any gates when leaving; that in one yard where the Kendrick hay was stacked the fence was up, without any gates in it, and that the sheep went back and forth through that fence as though it was not there. That after the defendants had taken their hay out there was no hay in the stackyards except the plaintiff’s hay. That the herder of the sheep kept them at night at the Redman ranch and-drove them in the morning to the haystacks; “ go on the stacks and stay there. ’ ’ That he had two dogs with him, and made no effort to keep the sheep away from the Kendrick stacks. That the only apparent reason for driving the sheep up around those stacks where no Healy hay was left was to feed them on the Kendrick hay.' Around the stacks where no Healy hay re-
Said Avitness further testified that when the! witness Bandy had his conversation with the herder, they were at the stacks, and the sheep were there too, on the haystacks, in the yard in Avhich some of the Kendrick hay was, and the sheep were then eating the Kendrick hay, also that he saAV the sheep upon all of the Kendrick stacks; that none of the hay in the yard where the fence was all up was hauled for the cattle because it was all eaten or trampled upon and destroyed so that the cattle would not eat it. That when they first went there they put up parts of the fence that were down but it had no effect upon keeping the sheep away; that after the injunction was served the sheep were kept away. That there were plenty of places to keep them and just as convenient for feeding hay to them as to keep them near the Kendrick stacks. That sometimes, before the injunction was served, they brought the hay from their stacks a quarter-mile away to be distributed close around the Kendrick stacks.
A witness, Dunn, who was engaged in hauling plaintiff’s hay in March, 1917, testified substantially to the same facts, corroborating the witness Bandy as to his conversation with the herder, and the witness Stagmire as to the sheep being driven to the stackyards each morning and the feeding of the sheep close around the same, and their trespass upon the plaintiff’s hay. He said: -“The sheep fed themselves around the stacks; they didn’t pay much attention to what they hauled out to them.” He also corroborated the other witnesses as to the presence of crusted snow upon the ground, leaving nothing for the sheep to eat except the hay, and he stated that the snow was from 5 inches to 5 feet deep, and in places was drifted against the stacks.
The testimony of C. H. Shriver was taken by deposition. He testified that he had worked on the Eedman ranch for the defendants — “feeding there for Healy Brothers.” Upon being asked to relate the .facts that came within his observation with reference to sheep of defendants eating the hay stacked on the ranch in the winter of 1916-1917, he said: “It was after I pulled off that the sheep were there, but after I pulled out I was back there several times, and I- seen the sheep on the haystacks, all right. ’ ’ Further, he said'; That there were about 2000 sheep in the bunch. That he knew William Huhn, the general foreman for the defendants, and heard the herder, Eobinson, “tell Huhn that it was impossible to keep his sheep out-of the haystacks if he was going to herd in that pasture, and Huhn told him that it wasn’t necessary to keep them out, and that Kend--rick would have to fence his hay if he wanted the sheep kept out; that Healy Brothers had bought the pasture and that there was nothing in the deal to specify that they should keep the sheep out of these stacks of old hay. ’ ’ • He was then asked to state what Huhn said to the herder as to whether or not he should let the sheep get to the stacks. ■. His answer was: “He said, turn them loose.’’
But there was practically no contradiction of the testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses as to the fact of the trespass by the sheep upon plaintiff’s hay, and the manner in which it occurred. On the contrary, the witness Huhn testified on his direct examination that he observed that the sheep would crawl through the fences around the stackyards — some going through between the wires, and some over the top on the snowbanks; and on cross-examination he testified that the sheep could and did go under the fences and on plaintiff’s haystacks, and also the stacks belonging to the defendants, or to use his words, “Kendrick’s hay, and Mr. Healy’s, principally.” That every time he saw the sheep around the stacks, three or four times in March, 1917, he saw them go through or under the fence to the plaintiff’s hay. But he also testified that the defendants had hay in the same stackyards, and that owing to the condition of the fences at the time the injunction was served it was impossible .to keep the sheep
Upon the above recited facts and testimony the appellants contend generally: (1) That the evidence does not show an intentional herding or driving of the sheep upon plaintiff’s haystacks, and that under the issues in the case there can be no rightful recovery except for a wilful trespass. (2) That the defendants were in rightful possession of the premises with the right to feed their sheep there, and it was no part of their duty to guard or protect plaintiff’s hay, but that it was the duty of plaintiff to protect it against intrusion and damage by the sheep, either by maintaining sufficient fences to exclude them or by guarding the stacks in some other adequate manner. And it is argued in that connection that the case for the plaintiffs was presented upon the erroneous theory that the defendants were chargeable with the duty of guarding and protecting plaintiff’s hay and liable for any damage done by their sheep from negligence in herding or caring for them; and that the case was erroneously submitted to the jury upon the theory that it was the duty of defendants to prevent and restrain their sheep from going upon, eating or destroying the hay.
We agree with the contention that the plaintiff would be entitled to recover only upon proof of a wilful trespass. But we think that the case was presented for the plaintiff and submitted to the jury upon that theory, and that the verdict is to be considered as finding that the damage caused by the sheep in eating and destroying plaintiff’s hay was the result of a wilful trespass. We are of the opinion also that the verdict so considered, is, in that re-'speet, sustained by sufficient evidence.
The instructions, as we understand them, and as we think they must be understood, plainly declared as to the right of the plaintiff to recover that the defendants were liable for the damage done by the sheep to plaintiff’s hay if the jury should find that the defendants, through any herder or employee in charge and control of the sheep, had driven or intentionally permitted them to go upon and eat or destroy the hay in question, and did not authorize a verdict for
Unless plaintiff was so far without right in the premises as to justify a wilful appropriation or destruction of his property, it is clear that instructions to the effect above stated as our understanding of those given in this case would correctly state the law applicable to the facts. (Cosgriff v. Miller, 10 Wyo. 190, 68 Pac. 206, 98 Am. St. Rep. 977; Haskins v. Andrews, 12 Wyo. 458, 76 Pac. 588; Healy v. Smith, 14 Wyo. 263, 83 Pac. 583, 116 Am. St. Rep 1004; Brown v. McCloud, (Or.) 190 Pac. 578; Hall v. Bartholomew, (Utah) 169 Pac. 943; Vanderford v. Wagner, 24 N. M. 467, (N. Mex.) 174 Pac. 426; Frostenson v. Marshall, 25 N. M. 215, (N. Mex.) 180 Pac. 288; Lazarus v. Phelps, 152 U. S. 81; 14 Sup. Ct. 477; 38 L. Ed. 363; Lazarus v. Phelps, 156 U. S. 202; 15 Sup. Ct. 271, 39 L. Ed. 397; Light v. U. S., 220 U. S. 523; 31 Sup. Ct. 485, 55 L. Ed. 570; Shannon v. U. S., 160 Fed. 870; 88 C. C. A. 52). In the ease last cited, a suit to enjoin the defendant from driving or permitting his live-stock to be driven upon a stated Forest Reserve, it was alleged in the bill that the defendant wrongfully and unlawfully, without right or authority, and without obtaining a permit, and without the consent of complainant, its officers and agents, but in disregard of the rules and regulations of the Secretary of the Interior, ‘ ‘ did drive and conduct and cause to be driven and conducted, and permitted, suffered, and allowed to go onto the said reserve, three hundred head of cattle.” It appeared that the defendant was in possession of land .adjoining the reserve, that the same was inclosed, but defendant made openings in the fence on the side toward the reservation, for the purpose of letting stock thereon, and, having turned a large number of cattle upon his said land, where there was no water and only pasture enough for about ■ 50 head, they
“The appellant denies that he has at any time driven his cattle upon the reserve, and asserts that if they went there, they did so of their own accord, the reserve not being inclosed by the United States, and that he is not accountable for the acts of the cattle in straying thereupon. We do not so regard the evidence, and we think the injunction issued' by the court below may well be sustained on the ground that the evidence shows that the appellant drove his cattle upon the reserve. His home ranch was some 6 to 10 miles distant from the 320 acres inclosed near the reserve. He drove large bands of cattle within the 320 acres, which was inclosed on three sides, but open on the side toward the reserve, and left them there. Of course he knew that they would not and could not remain in the inclosure, for there was no water there, nor sufficient pasture for so large a herd. They did as he evidently expected them to do. They went through the convenient openings which he had made in his fence for that purpose. ’ ’
The case of Light v. U. S., supra, was also a suit to enjoin, a cattle owner from causing or permitting his stock to go or stray upon a forest reserve. It appeared that the defendant owned about 500 cattle and a ranch located two and a half miles to the east and five miles to the north of the reserve; that between the ranch and the reserve was other public and unoccupied land of the United States; that the defendant turned out his cattle to range during the spring and summer, and because of the better grazing on the reserve and superior water facilities there, and the natural tendency of cattle to follow the trails and stream leading from the ranch to the reservation, they naturally went direct to the reservation. The court said:
“Pence laws do not authorize wanton and wilful trespass, nor do they afford immunity to those who, in disregard of property rights, turn loose their cattle under circumstances showing that they weré intended to graze upon the lands of
In the New Mexico ease of Yanderford v. "Wagner, supra, a wilful trespass by animals was defined as follows: “In order to show a wilful trespass on land by animals, the evidence must show that the owner of- the animals drove them upon the lands of the injured party, or turned them loose upon other lands-, knowing that they would necessarily enter the lands of the injured party, and intended that they should do so. ’ ’ And in Utah an instruction was sustained declaring that if the defendant, after notice to keep his cattle off from the uninelosed land of the plaintiff’s and with knowledge of the location of such land, “suffered or permitted” his cattle to trespass thereon, he would be liable for the damages proven to have been suffered by the plaintiffs by reason of such trespass. (Hall v. Bartholomew, supra.)
In Mower v. Olson, 49 Utah 373, 164 Pac. 482, another Utah case, it appeared that when sheep of defendants were seen on plaintiff’s land they were usually seen in the vicinity of a spring of water thereon; that such sheep were in charge of a herder under direction of defendants, and were being held and grazed on public and private lands adjoining and in close proximity to plaintiff’s land; that conversations had occurred between the plaintiff and defendants regarding the trespassing of their sheep on the former’s land; that the parties had gone over the land together at a time when some of the sheep were grazing thereon, and an attempt was then made to compromise their differences. It was also testified that the herder had stated that he was in
We are somewhat uncertain as to how far it is intended by the appellants to deny the right of the plaintiff to have his hay upon the premises in question at the time of the alleged trespass. That he had any such right does not seem to be conceded, and it is asserted in the brief .of appellants that plaintiff ’s right under the Redman contract has ceased, and that they, the appellants, had the right to herd their sheep upon every part of the premises where the hay was situated. . It was stated in one of the instructions that even though the jury should find that the defendants were entitled to the exclusive possession of the premises and that the plaintiff had no rights thereon, that fact would not give defendants the right to drive or intentionally permit their sheep in charge of a herder to go upon plaintiff ’s hay and eat and destroy it. And that correctly stated the law. (Temple v. Duran (Tex.) 121 S. W. 253; Reader v. Moody, 48 N. C. (3 Jones L.) 372. But we think it clear that plaintiff’s hay was upon the premises rightfully by license:
First, by the provision in the Redman contract that the plaintiff should have a reasonable time- after April 1,’ 1916, the date when he was to redeliver possession of the ranch, within which to dispose of the hay then remaining unfed upon the place, followed by the express consent before that date of the Land Company upon its acquiring the title to the ranch that the said hay might remain there to be fed by the plaintiff, and later by the tacit consent of Hoffman, the Company’s lessee, ais shown by his acts and statements, and the tacit consent also of the defendants, who not only made no objection to the hay remaining there when informed that it belonged to plaintiff, and asked by Hoffman to allow it to be fed on the premises if convenient, but, as testified by one of them, he told Hoffman that the plaintiff eould haul his hay down to the Healy place (an adjoining ranch) and feed it, without then or at any time suggesting
"The appellant’s hay was on the respondent’s premises by his permission — by his license. He had done what respondent suggested would protect the hay from the kind of cattle he said he would turn on the meadow. Without notice he turned on a large number of cattle at a time and •under' circumstances that insured the breaking of the fences and the consumption of appellant’s hay, and if'there is no
It having been made to appear that the lease to Hoffman was in writing and contained no reservation with reference to plaintiff’s hay, certain questions calling for the testimony showing the consent of the Land Company were objected to as incompetent, and the rulings admitting such testimony are here specified as error. It seems to be contended that the written lease was the best evidence, and that the fact that it omitted any reservation permitting the plaintiff to allow his hay to remain upon the premises rendered incompetent other evidence showing the owner’s permission. We think that what has been said above as to license sufficiently answers the contention. If it be conceded that Hoffman would not have been bound by the previous verbal consent of the lessor, that certainly would not prevent the plaintiff from proving such consent to show^a previous license, and the subsequent consent of the lessee, express or implied, recognizing and continuing the license. The plaintiff was not a party to the lease, and the fact that it contained no provision on the subject did not require or render proper the exclusion of proof to show written or verbal permission. Clearly it was not the best evidence of what plaintiff was seeking to prove, viz: a license to keep his hay upon the premises. For the same reasons there- is no merit in the further contention that the court erred in admitting testimony to show the knowledge of Hoffman, the lessee, that the hay belonged to Kendrick.
Appellants have also specified as error the rulings of the trial court admitting in evidence, over objection, the testimony of several of plaintiff’s witnesses showing the fact that fences had been constructed inclosing the haystacks and describing the same as built and the condition thereof before and at the time that the defendants took possession of the premises. The stated objections were, generally, that such evidence was immaterial and irrelevant. And it is here argued that the evidence was evidently offered to
The court did so instruct the jury, and we think correctly as to the liability of defendants upon a finding that they had driven or intentionally permitted their sheep to go upon the hay of plaintiff and eat or destroy it. But we think it clear that it was competent and proper for the plaintiff to show what had been done to inclose or protect his hay or to distinguish it from other hay in the pasture or upon the ranch, and that the fact or facts brought out by such evidence might ultimately appear to be' immaterial because of proof sufficient to satisfy the jury that the trespass was wilful and intentional would not necessarily make the admission of the evidence erroneous. The court by the instruction referred to did not say that the evidence as to the building and condition of the fences was immaterial, but only that in case of a certain finding as aforesaid the fact whether the hay was inclosed by a lawful or any other kind of fence would then be immaterial. We do not think that the rulings admitting the evidence and the words of the instruction mentioned are necessarily inconsistent.
It is further urged as ground for reversal that certain remarks of the court in admonishing or reproving a witness amounted to prejudicial misconduct. Troy Hoffman, a witness for defendants, having testified that he had lived on the Redman ranch with his father, W. C. Hoffman, and that when he went there the Kendrick hay, stacked in 1915, was very poor, solidly packed and mouldy, and that he had seen it being fed to plaintiff’s cattle in the spring of 1917, was asked on cross-examination this juestion: “Now, isn’t it true that any stack of hay that would stand for that length of time would necessarily be packed hard?’’ We quote, following that, from the record:
“A. Under the conditions of the weather — Q. Will you answer my question? A. All right. Q You can answer that by yes or no. I wish you would read the question to him, and I would like an answer to it. I would like if the court please, that the witness be required to answer the question.
“By the Court: This is no vaudeville show, and if you .sit up there and pay attention to the questions that are asked you and answer up so the jury and counsel and court will hear you I would be much obliged to you.
“By Mr. Enterline: We desire to take exception to the remarks of the court, and ask the court to instruct the jury not to pay attention to the criticism of the witness.
“By the Court: The court is incensed at the attitude of the witness on the stand. You may have your exception.’’
The question was then read, and the witness, first asking If it was desired that he answer the question again, and being informed by examining counsel that he would like •an answer, stated: that ‘ ‘ a stack of hay that would be settled that long would naturally be stuck, but if it was stacked in good condition it wouldn’t be mouldy, musty.” Thus, it appears not only that it was possible for the witness to .give a direct answer to the question, but that in doing so,
It is contended that the court’s remarks invaded the province of the jury to determine the credibility of witnesses, and were prejudicial to the defendants by placing the wdtness in a bad light before the jury. The remarks are referred to in the brief as expressing the court’s “feeling” and “hostile attitude” toward the witness, and it is stated that the record contains nothing to justify that. We conceive it to be a mistake to describe or consider the remarks as an expression of hosility to the witness. Coming from the judge presiding at the trial they indicate merely the court’s resentment or indignant displeasure at the conduct or “attitude” of the witness, and evidently not alone the attempt to inject into his answer something not called for, or his disposition to do that, as shown from almost the beginning of his cross-examination, but also his manner of testifying, his demeanor and posture on the stand. Certainly, considering the place and the occasion, the remarks do not indicate that they were spoken to or of the witness by one unfriendly or antagonistic to him, and they could not reasonably have been so understood. Indeed, the first remarks, to which counsel excepted, did not express a feeling other than mere disapproval. The remark that “this is not a vaudeville show” is not specifically explained in the record, but should be understood, we think, as intended to show disapproval of some conduct or attitude of the witness indicating a lack of appreciation of the place and purpose of the trial. And we find some ground for that in a remark of the witness hereinafter referred to, previously addressed to counsel conducting the cross-examination. The statement that the court was incensed at the attitude of he witness was brought out by the exception and the added request that the court instruct the jury to pay no attention to the criticism of the witness, or, in other words, that the court withdraw the remarks excepted to.
In State v. King, supra, the court had reprimanded a witness and threatened him with punishment for contempt if he persisted in what the court thought was an attempt to inject evidence into the case not called for by questions put to him, aiid it appeared from the record that the answers of the witness were not always responsive, but included matters not called for or pertinent to the questions asked him, 'and that he was friendly to the defendant and hoped that his testimony would aid in his acquittal. The appellate court said that the remarks excepted to were made for the purpose of rebuking the witness and admonishing him to •confine his answers to matters pertinent to the questions,
“Trial courts often find it necessary, and it is a discretionary right and duty, in the interests of an orderly trial, to rebuke and in a measure suppress over-zealous or over-willing witnesses, and at times with emphasis, and this right and duty to do so cannot well be questioned or curtailed. ’ ’
In the Oregon case cited, a witness was reproved for including argument in his testimony, and, again, for nodding his head and making demonstrations in the courtroom. The court said: “Evidently the judge thought he was attempting to exert an influence on the jury or the witnesses, and, if so, it was the court’s duty to reprove him and prevent such conduct.” In the ease of Bartlett v. Bartlett, supra, the language excepted to was: “Now, Mr. Bartlett, you will please answer the questions as they are asked, and you will do it in a decent and respectful way, and if you don’t you will pay some of the expenses of this court, and you don’t want to talk back to the court either.” The court said:
“Enough of the record is disclosed to show that the defendant’s attitude upon the witness stand to have been flippant and insulting, and that he frequently volunteered matter not responsive to the questions propounded. Unfortunately, the printed record cannot disclose a phonographic reproduction of the voice of the witness nor a photographic reproduction of his manner upon the witness stand. We are unable to say from the record that the trial court abused that judicial discretion that is committed to it. ”
In this ease the witness, upon his cross-examination, had shown not only a disposition to evade a direct answer to questions by injecting something not responsive, but, on two.occasions .shortly prior to the proceeding complained
The contention that the instructions imposed upon defendants the duty of guarding and protecting plaintiff’s hay against their sheep is based upon a sentence found in the second instruction, viz: “It was the duty of the defendants to prevent and restrain their sheep from going upon, eating or destroying plaintiff!s hay.” If that stood alone it might be ground for the contention, and would be objectionable if referring or applied to an accidental or casual instead of an intentional or wilful trespass. But it is only a part of the instruction, and clearly had no reference to a mere casual trespass by sheep straying from the herd. The court was speaking of the evidence relating to the fences and the duty of the parties in respect thereto, under the circumstances of the case. The entire instruction reads as follows:
‘ ‘ The court permitted the introduction of evidence as to the construction and condition of the fences around the stacks of hay in question in this case, and around the premises known as the Redman ranch. The court permitted the introduction of this evidence for the purpose that you might
It was evidently the theory of the court that under the issues and evidence a verdict against the defendants would be proper only in the event of a finding that they, or some employee in charge of the sheep, had driven or intentionally permitted them to go upon and eat or destroy the plaintiff’s hay. That is the effect not only of the above instruction but of the other instructions also. In the next succeeding instruction, to which we have referred in discussing the question of plaintiff’s right upon the premises, it was said', that though the jury may believe from the evidence that defendants were entitled to the exclusive possession of the premises, and that the plaintiff had no rights thereon, that fact would not give them the right to drive or intentionally permit their sheep in charge and control of a herder to go upon the plaintiff’s hay and eat' and destroy it, and, though so finding as to the right óf possession, the defendants are liable for any proven damages caused by them, if it be found that they, through any herder or employee while in eharge and control of their sheep drove or intentionally permitted said sheep to go upon and eat or destroy the plaintiff’s hay.
“You- are instructed that if you find from the evidence that the- herders or employees of the defendants while i n charge and control of defendants’ sheep drove or intentionally permitted their sheep to go upon the plaintiff’s hay and eat it or destroy it, -then the defendants are liable to the plaintiff for the damages if any done thereby.”
And- there .was no instruction authorizing a verdict for plaintiff upon any other finding than that mentioned in the foregoing instructions. We think it apparent, therefore, that the court intended by the .clause in the second instruction as to the duty of defendants to restrain ■ their sheep nothing more than that it was the duty of defendants to refrain from driving or intentionally permitting their sheep while in charge of a herder to go upon the hay, and in that sense only to restrain their sheep from going thereon. This is further indicated and, perhaps, made clearer, by instructions nine and thirteen.
The 9th instruction declares that the defendants had a lawful right to run and pasture their stock upon the lands upon which plaintiff’s hay was situated, and no duty was imposed upon them by law to fence in the plaintiff’s haystacks or to keep the same in repair, but that it was their duty to see to it that they did not drive or intentionally permit their sheep to go upon, eat, or destroy plaintiff’s hay. The 13th instruction declares that as against the plaintiff the defendants had a right to run, feed, and graze their stock anywhere upon the premises, and were not compelled to run, feed, or graze such stock upon any particular place upon the ranch, except that they had no right to run, feed, or graze their stock upon the plaintiff’s hay, situate upon the premises.
We repeat, therefore, that, in our opinion the case was submitted to the jury upon the theory that the plaintiff
The refusal of several instructions requested by the defendants is here specified as error. Those in conflict with the views above expressed need not be specially considered. As to some of the others, they were included, with proper modifications, in the instructions given. For example: Requested instruction “S” was to the effect that the defendants had a lawful right to run and pasture their stock upon the premises, and were not charged with the duty to fence in plaintiff’s hay, or to'keep any such fence in repair, or to guard the. hay from any depredations that might be committed by their stock while running and grazing upon the premises. The first part of this request was given in the court’s 9th instruction, but the statement that it was not the duty of defendants to guard the hay from depredations by their stock was omitted, and in place thereof it was stated it was their duty to see to it that -they did not drive or intentionally permit their sheep to go upon, eat, ór destroy the hay. And such modification was proper.
The court’s instruction 13 was substantially requested instruction “T”, except that the court’s instruction properly contained an added provision to the effect that the defendants had no right to run, feed, or graze their sheep upon the plaintiff’s hay. Requested instruction “L” stated that if it should be found from the evidence that the stock of defendants did eat, injure, or destroy any portion of plaintiff’s hay, then it became plaintiff’s duty, immediately upon the discovery of such action, to use every reasonable precaution and diligence to' prevent further damage, and having failed so to do, the plaintiff cannot recover for any damages sustained after such discovery. One apparent infirmity in that request is that it assumes that plaintiff had
It is. contended, however, that the instruction given on the subject was erroneous because it did not state that if' plaintiff could have prevented the injury entirely it was his duty to do so, also that the evidence discloses no attempt to prevent damage, but on the contrary, that the plaintiff made it easier for the sheep to go on the hay by taking down the fences, and that the instruction should have stated that the plaintiff had failed to use proper precaution. But, as previously stated, the evidence is conflicting as to who had removed or opened parts of the fences. And we find nothing in the evidence disclosing that it was reasonably possible for the plaintiff to have done more than he did do to prevent or reduce the damages after the discovery of the trespass. At any rate the matter was properly left to the jury. There is nothing in the evidence upon which the court could base a conclusion that the plaintiff had not been as diligent as circumstances permitted in protecting his property from further injury. It does appear that after the herder’s refusal to keep the sheep -away from the hay, the plaintiff' proceeded at once to obtain an injunction. "We do not find the injunction order in the record, ánd therefore are not informed as to its terms, except that it was to prevent the
Another requested instruction was to the effect that if when plaintiff drove his cattle away there was any hay left lying npon the land which he could have used to feed them, then he could not recover for the loss of the hay so left, nor for the loss or depreciation in value of any of his cattle. By the 8th instruction given the plaintiff was limited in his right to recover the value of the hay eaten or destroyed to 75 tons, evidently because that was the quantity alleged by the petition to have been eaten or destroyed, and within that limitation the question as to the quantity and value of hay eaten or destroyed, and whether any of plaintiff’s cattle died as the proximate result of the loss of the hay shown to have been eaten or destroyed, was submitted to the jury to determine upon the evidence. The requested instruction was properly refused. The plaintiff was not seeking or allowed to recover the vafue of any hay not eaten or destroyed, and it certainly would have been improper to tell the jury that if any hay was left lying upon the premises, regardless of the quantity, which might have been used to feed the plaintiff’s cattle, he could not recover damages for the loss of any of his cattle through lack of food. For as to damages for the loss of cattle that was the effect of the requested instruction, even though the quantity of the remaining hay might have been entirely insufficient to prevent the loss.
Appellants complain also of the.refusal of the court to give an instruction to the effect that no duty was imposed upon the defendants to dog their sheep for the purpose of keeping or driving them away from plaintiff’s hay. But since the court stated to the jury in effect that the defendants would not be liable except upon proof of the wilful driving of their sheep upon the hay, or the intentional permitting them to go thereon, the said instrnction would have been misleading.
It is contended that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict as to the amount of the damages allowed. There was a direct conflict in the evidence as to the condition and value of i the hay that was eaten or destroyed, but the evidence was in our opinion clearly sufficient to sustain the verdict in that respect. We do not recall any conflict in the evidence as to the number of cattle that died. As to the cause of their death there was testimony to the effect that some of plaintiff’s cattle in the latter part of the winter had been affected with a disease commonly called a sore mouth or the mouth disease, tending to create a conflict in the evidence as to the cause of the death of the cattle. But it appeared also that such disease was fatal in only a small percentage of cases, and then because of inability to eat, that its chief effect is to interfere with the animal eating during its progress lasting from one to two or three weeks, liable to result in weakening the condition of the animal and loss of weight; and one witness testified that the cattle so affected had been inspected February 28 and pronounced all right. It was shown also that with sufficient food the animal would soon be brought back to normal condition and that it is important that they be not deprived of food at such a time. The expert witness, a Federal Veterinary Inspector, who testified' as to the presence of the
We find nothing in the record to furnish any proper support for the assertion in the brief of the appellants that they were not given a fair trial, but we think the contrary clearly appears. We might go further into this matter and explain our reasons for so concluding, but do not think that necessary. Other matters complained of by the appellants, mainly rulings upon the admission of evidence, are not, we think, of sufficient importance to require special discussion. Such matters have been considered and we are satisfied that no error was committed concerning them. As indicated by what has been said, wé find no prejudicial error in the record, and the judgment will be affirmed.
Affirmed.