Attеmpts to drain a pool of oil too fast, or at too many places, may diminish net extractions. States therefore limit access to proven oil fields. “Prorate” systems credit owners with part of the production from pools under their lands to compensate them for inability to drill their own wells. Illinois does not use a prorate system but establishes minimum distances between wells. If the top of the oil-bearing stratum lies between 4,000 and 6,000 feet underground, 900 feet must separate the wells. Rule IV(l)(A)(l)(c) of the Oil and Gas Division, Depаrtment of Mines and Minerals.
Kendra Oil & Gas, Inc., drilled a well known as Dessie Matthews # 1 in southern Illinois. Horneo, Ltd., later drilled a well known as O’Daniel # 5 some 760 feet to the north. O’Daniel # 5 struck oil more than 4,000 feet down in a layer known as the “Salem formation”. If Dessie Matthews # 1, also produсing oil from the Salem formation, found the top of the pool more, than 4,000 feet deep, then O’Daniel # 5 is illegal under Rule IV(l)(A)(l)(c). Kendra filed
Homco’s principal contention on appeal is that the Mining Board of the Department of Mines and Minerals has “exclusive jurisdiction” to adjudicate a claim that one well has bеen sunk too close to another. Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 96V2 115407 provides that the “Mining Board shall have jurisdiction and authority over all persons and property necessary to enforce effectively the provisions of this Act.” State courts have not construed this grant as one of “exclusive” powers — indeed, courts have not construed this grant, period. Homco concedes that litigation would be appropriate after the Board had interpreted the rule. Its argument therefore is one of primary rathеr than exclusive jurisdiction. Federal courts will defer to the primary jurisdiction of a state agency under the principles established by
Erie,
if state courts would defer. See, e.g.,
Hines v. Elkhart General Hospital,
Because resolution of the dispute between Kendra and Homco turns on both technical questions of petroleum geology (expert witnesses disagreed about whether the top of the pool under Dessie Matthews # 1 lies below 4,000 feet) and questions concerning the meaning of the state’s rule (what is the “top” of the pool for its purposes?), it would have been desirable to obtain the views of the state’s Mining Board.
United States v. Western Pacific R.R.,
“Primary jurisdiction” can’t be shoehorned into “subject-matter jurisdiction”. The diversity statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1), provides ample jurisdiction over the subject matter of this dispute. A court that lacks subject-matter jurisdiction can’t ever resolve a dispute, so throwing the case out as soon as the defect appears does not presage a wasteful return engagement. “Primary jurisdiction” involves questions of timing, not of judicial competence.
Western Pacific R.R.,
Homco called Jack Morgan as an expert witness. The magistrate barred him from testifying on the ground that Homco had not listed him as a witness in the final pretrial order. It hadn’t identified Morgan because it didn’t need to. Kendra listed Morgan as an expert witness, and the order recites that “defendants reserve the right to call any witness listed by plaintiffs”. The order governs the conduct of the trial unless modified, which may be done “only to prevent manifest injustice”. Fed.R.Civ.P. 16(e); see
Louis Vuitton S.A. v. Pun Yang Lee,
Morgan, a petroleum geologist, had been named head of the Oil & Gas Division shortly before the trial. Homco mаde an offer of proof that Morgan “would give an opinion that the top of the pool of Dessie Matthews No. 1 is above 4000 feet; that he would be able, through his experience, to interpret each of the logs, which has been identified in evidence here; and that his testimony would be unequivocally that, with respect to each and every log, that the top of the pool is above 4000 feet.” A “log” is a record of mineral strata made by lowering instruments down the bore. Several kinds of instruments had been used tо generate logs of Dessie Matthews # 1 during drilling and after completion. These logs were introduced in evidence, and the principal dispute at trial concerned their interpretation. Expert witnesses for Kendra testified that the logs showed that the toр of the pool lay between 4,002 and 4,014 feet underground. Homco’s experts told the jury that these logs showed that the top lay between 3,994 and 3,998 feet. Morgan, an administrator as well as a geologist, might have been asked to give an opinion about the application of the regulations to these readings. Homco’s offer of proof shows, however, that it wanted Morgan only to read the logs as a petroleum geologist. Because a gaggle of other geologists did exactly that, we agree with the magistrate that Morgаn’s testimony would have been cumulative, so that his exclusion is harmless error. Two geologists testified on Homco’s behalf as Morgan would have done, and others listed in the pretrial order were not called. Nothing in the offer of proof suggests that Morgan would hаve added to these interpretations a new angle or argument, as opposed to the refrain “me too”.
An error in the computation of damages is not so easy to pass over. The jury awarded Kendra the value of the oil Homco extrаcted, plus the loss caused by reduction in the productivity of Dessie Matthews # 1. This is double counting. As Kendra’s loss logically is the greater of the two methods of measuring injury, Kendra is entitled to no more than that sum. 1
Illinois forbids the completion of one well close to another in large measure because two holes in the same pool may reduce the gas pressure that contributes to productivity. Natural gas puts the petroleum under high pressure, driving it out of the rock formation and up the well. If a second well in the same pool vents the gas, the two together will recover less oil than the first well alone would have done. To simplify considerably: If a single well would have produced 100 barrels of oil, two wells might produce 40 barrels apiece. Twenty barrels are gone forever — or if not gone, obtainable only with expensive “secondary recovery” techniques. As the owner of the first well sees things, the second well reduces its production by 60 barrels, while the second well yields 40 barrels of oil. The first owner’s damages are the amount of oil it lost: 60 barrels. An award based on the amount it lost (60 barrels)
plus
the
Over Homco’s objection, the magistrate told the jury that it could award Kendra the sum of the production at O’Daniel # 5 and the diminution in the value of Dessie Matthews # 1, the latter being a measure of the value of oil not produced there. This would be a logical, if clumsy, way to compute damages if the two measures dealt with different periods — say, an award based on the value of production at O’Daniel # 5 for аs long as it operated, plus the diminution of the production at Dessie Matthews # 1 for the years after O’Daniel # 5 shut down. Kendra sought, however, the gross value of all oil produced at O’Daniel # 5 (and O’Daniel # 6) between its opening in August 1984 and May 1, 1986 (when it was shut), plus the diminution in value оf Dessie Matthews # 1. Kendra contended that until August 1984 Dessie Matthews # 1 had been producing 22 barrels per day, but that once O’Daniel # 5 opened production dropped to 10 barrels per day. It computed the capital loss as the value of 12 barrels pеr day for 900 days, at $29:00 per barrel. 2
The lost production at Dessie Matthews # 1 is a superset of the gains Homco could have reaped at O’Daniel # 5 by tapping into the Salem formation.
3
Kendra’s losses cannot be
greater
than the diminution in production at Dessie Matthews #1, measured from late August 1984 fоrward. Illinois gives the landowner the choice of recovering the value of what the wrongdoer took away or the diminution in the value of what remains; it cannot have both.
First National Bank of Des Plaines v. Amco Engineering Co.,
Notes
. We gloss over two сomplications. (1) Kendra owned only 34% of Dessie Matthews # 1, and the jury was told to award Kendra 34% of the total injury inflicted by O’Daniel #5. Figures we mention therefore are 34% of the full sums. (2) Oil from O’Daniel # 5 was commingled with oil from O’Daniel # 6, making computation of its volume impossible. O’Daniеl # 5 was itself producing oil from both the Salem and Warsaw formations; only the production from Salem was in potential violation of the state’s rules. Although O’Daniel # 6 was lawful in all respects, and some of the production from O'Daniel # 5 was lawful, the jury was allowed to award as damages the total production of these two wells. On the view we take, all disputes about how much O’Daniel #5 really produced from the Salem formation, and whether Homco was entitled to credit for production expenses, fall awаy.
. Why 900 days? A witness testified that two and one-half years is the standard in the trade for valuing a well. Wells produce less as they drain the pool and gas pressure drops naturally. The value of 900 days’ current production compensates the owner for the longer рeriod in which the well will produce lesser volumes of oil. It is a form of discounting to present value. It may overcompensate Kendra, because the daily loss caused by O'Daniel # 5 would diminish as time passed. It did diminish when the well was shut in 1986. But the parties have not raised this quеstion, so we accept 900 days' lost production as the capital loss inflicted on O’Daniel #5.
. That Kendra’s damages computation shows that Homco reaped more than Kendra lost is not inconsistent with this fact. Kendra sought and obtained damages mеasured by the joint production of O’Daniel # 5 and O’Daniel # 6 (see note 1 above); the production at O’Daniel #5 was itself only partially from the Salem formation (the rest came from the Warsaw formation). Kendra sought (and the jury awarded) all of these becаuse the commingling made it impossible to tell what O’Daniel # 5 had produced from the Salem formation. Homco’s extraction from the Salem formation at O’Daniel # 5 is all that Kendra was "entitled” to — questions of identification to one side — and is necessarily less than what Kendra lost at Dessie Matthews #1.