141 Mo. App. 490 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1910
James E. Sims was engaged in defendant’s service as a switchman in its yards at Cheyenne, in the State of Wyoming. While so engaged he was killed by cars he was assisting to switch from one track to another. The plaintiff is administrator of his estate, appointed in the State of Wyoming. He brought this action against defendant in Linn county, Missouri. Under the laws of Wyoming an action is given to the administrator for the death of his intestate caused by the negligence of another, the sum recovered to be distributed to those entitled to his estate. [Secs. 3448, 3449, R. S. Wyoming 1899.] And by the laws of this State such an action accruing in another State may be brought in this State by the administrator appointed in the State where the action accrued. [Laws Mo. 1905, p. 95.]
By a process of statement and reasoning that we regard as' ill-founded, defendant insists that by allowing the action to be brought in this State, it is transferring the assets of an estate in Wyoming to this State, and therefore violates the Constitution, State and Federal. It is not transferring assets. The sum recovered is not assets of the estate. The administrator is a mere trustee to maintain an action for the benefit of those entitled to the damages, as they are named in the statute. [McCarty v. Railroad, 62 Fed. 437; Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1372; White’s Personal Injuries, sec. 71.]
However that may be, the matter has been disposed
To repeat all the matter related in the briefs of counsel as to the death of the deceased and its cause, would take much space. For all practical purposes it will be only necessary to state that as already' said, deceased was one of defendant’s switchmen. At the time of his death he was engaged, in the nighttime, in assisting to switch cars from one track to another. It was his duty to get on cars which had been “kicked” onto another track, and ride to the place where they were to be stopped. The cars involved here were pulled out from one track and “kicked” down another track towards the east. Deceased got on the outside of the head car and started to ride it down to the place where he would stop it. The car had a metal stirrup as the foothold one would take in getting on top the car or could stand on with one foot while clinging to the car and riding a short distance by holding to the ladder with his hand and the other foot unplaced or, perhaps,
The wheelbarrow was used by defendant’s servants, known as the repair crew, in carrying tools and material or “brasses” for “hotboxes” at the carwheels. It was found turned over towards the track on which was the car that deceased rode. Deceased was last seen as he was getting on the car. A.s described by a witness, he put “one foot on the oil box and caught hold with his left hand and threw his right foot upon the stirrup.” That he was on the side of the car, was testified to by
Defendant insists that there was not sufficient evidence to submit the case to the jury and that therefore the peremptory instruction which it offered should have been given. It insists that the cause of his death was unseen and is unknown and that therefore on the theory that the burden is on the plaintiff, holding the affirmative, to make out his case with certainty, he should not have been permitted to recover. It is quite true, practically speaking, an existing right may be remediless, or, speaking differently, not capable of enforcement from inability to show its existence to others by competent testimony. One thus circumstanced is the victim of misfortune. A case is not made out for the complaining party when it is only shown that he may, or may not have a cause of action. If the evidence shows that an injury “may have resulted from one of two causes, for one of which and not the other, defendant is liable, the plaintiff must show with reasonable certainty that the cause for which the defendant is liable produced the result, and if the evidence leaves it to conjecture, the plaintiff must fail in his action.” [Warner v. Railroad, 178 Mo. 125; Root v. Railroad, 195 Mo. 848; Smart v. Kansas City, 91 Mo. App. 586.]
But giving to defendant the full benefit of the foregoing statement as to the necessary showing a plaintiff, upon whom the burden rests, must make, we are yet unable to adopt its conclusion as to the character of case Avhich the plaintiff made out. The evidence leaves a possibility of the deceased’s death resulting from circumstances or causes for which defendant would not be liable. But we think it showed sufficient facts and developed sufficient circumstances which, united, gave ample ground for the jury to say, with reasonable certainty, that the proximate cause of the death was defendant’s negligence in leaving the wheelbarrow where
It appears that under the laws of Wyoming, where the cause of action accrued, a master is not liable to his servant for injuries caused by the negligence of a fellow-servant. In other words, the common law prevails. The negligence causing the death of deceased was in leaving the wheelbarrow in such proximity to the track as to endanger those engaged in switching cars. As already stated, it was left at that place by those of defendant’s servants whose duty it was to repair the cars, that is to say, as regards the present controversy, to fix defective boxes or keep -the boxes in such condition as that they would not become heated, or to remedy what is known as a “hotbox” when found to exist with any of the car axles. We have already seen that the deceased belonged to the switching crew. It is defendant’s contention that he and the servants using and who left the wheelbarrow, too near the track, were fellow-servants and that therefore there is no liability. On the other hand plaintiff’s position is that they belonged to different departments and were disassociated and under the control, supervision and immediate employment of different departmental agents of defendant; and were therefore not fellow-servants. And the court, at
Who are properly classed as fellow-servants has been much discussed and the conclusions of the courts of the various States are not harmonious. It is briefed in this instance as governed by the rule at common law as declared in this State. The difficulty causing discordant views doubtless arises from the fact that the term, fellow-servant, can properly be used in more than one sense. Its general sense is exceedingly broad. One’s fellow-man would include all men, and one’s fellow-servant would include all servants of the same master. But fellow-servant, as applied to the liability of a master, is a technical expression, which makes necessary to limit or restrict its meaning so that it may be confined Avithin the reason for its adoption as a rule of law. Its adoption and enforcement arises from public policy; some have said a mistaken policy. But it was thought that if a servant knew he was without a remedy if he was injured by the negligence of his fellow-servant, he Avould keep watch on such fellow and report his delinquency to a correcting power who could discipline him. “Guided by the reason for the rule, it seems to us it should be applied and applied only in those cases where the servant injured and the one inflicting the injuries are so associated and related in their work that they can observe and have an influence over each
It seems clear that the servants in the case at bar could not be held by us to be fellow-servants without putting ourselves in conflict with the cases cited and with the reasons assigned in them. Here was a member of a switching crew under the control and direction of a trainmaster, and some one or more of car repairers under the orders of a master mechanic. They were distinct departments, the men of neither being under control of the head of the other. It is true there was tes
It is next contended that deceased was guilty of contributory negligence. Much of this is based on the assertion of how he must have carried his body while riding on the car so as to strike the wheelbarrow, and involves much conjecture. In our opinion, whether his riding the car and the manner of his riding it, were acts of negligence, were necessarily negatived by the verdict responsive to instructions given for either party. And the same may be said of his place of riding, whether at the side or on top.
Finally the action of the court as to the instructions is questioned. We regard them as presenting all proper issues in a plain way. There is no question but that the jury were made fully to understand the questions they were to decide. One branch of objection to them, if we understand it, is that the law as to fellow-servants in Wyoming is the common law of England and that as such it became a part of the contract between defendant and deceased and that the instructions were not in accord with the common law and therefore they impaired the obligation of a contract and Avere violative of section 10 of article 1, as well as the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The suggestion of a constitutional question seems not to have been advanced in the trial court in objections to instructions or otherwise, until after the trial was concluded and a verdict rendered. Then in the motion for a new trial it is set up that defendant has been deprived of its constitutional rights by the instructions. But aside from that, we pointed out at the outset that the Supreme Court, on objections made by defendant to transferring the case here, has ordered that it be done, which we regard as an adjudication
But aside from such consideration, we will add this: Defendant seems impressed with the idea that the common law being in force in Wyoming as to fellow-seryants and becoming the law controlling the question whether plaintiff ever had a cause of action for the death of the deceased, such law has not been enforced in the trial of the cause. That is a misconception. The case was not heard by the trial court under any statute of this State as to fellow-servants. It was heard under the rules of the common law, as the court understood such rules, and in accordance with the way they are understood and declared by the Supreme Court. If those rules are not correctly understood, as defendant seems to think, it does not afford ground for stating that the trial has not been had under those rules, but simply that they have been improperly interpreted; and for that there can be no remedy until humanity grows to be perfect and all-wise.
The judgment should be affirmed.