delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Stеphen Kellogg appeals from the District Court’s adoption of the Referees’ report partitioning the property he jointly owns with Dearborn Information Services (Dearborn). We affirm.
¶2 We address the following issues on appeal:
¶3 1. Whether the District Court had the power to impose a servitude forbidding building on parts of the partitioned property.
¶4 2. Whether the District Court’s findings of fact are sufficient to support the imposition of building restrictions.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶5 This action involves a tenancy in a rural valley-the Joslin Basin-in Lewis and Clark County. Kellogg and Dearborn own the property as tenants-in-common, having purchased it from the late Bruce Nelson in October 2000. A married couple, Joe Campbell and Tani Converse, own Dearborn. At one time Nelson owned much of the land in the valley, which he carved-up into haphazardly shaped small holdings. Nelson sold a great number of these holdings, creating a *85 community of dozens of summer and permanent homes in the pristine valley. This hodgepоdge of properties, and the difficulties that arose in recording them and locating easements to the various properties, created what the Referees characterized as a ‘Title Company’s nightmare.” The tenancy at issue is what Dearborn aptly describes as “a swiss-cheese like remainder parcel” of a little over 600 acres and 25 tracts.
¶6 Kellogg and Dearborn jointly purchased the tenancy with the intention of dividing it between themselves. Both live in homes on, or surrounded by, the property. Negotiations between the neighbors quickly broke-down and relations soured. In this acrimonious context, Kellogg brought suit against Dearborn in November 2001, requesting that the District Court partition the property. The District Court thereafter appointed referees pursuant to § 70-29-202(1), MCA, and ordered the Referees to survey the property and make a report recommending how best to divide it between the two tenants-in-сommon.
¶7 Surveying the property proved to be quite an undertaking as many of the public records describing it turned out to be incorrect. After a great deal of effort in establishing exactly what land was, and was not, a part of the property, the Referees settled on a plan of division. Most of the details of the plan are not relevant to this opinion. The dividing line between the two halves of the property for the most part follows Joslin Creek, which runs through a meadow separating the two parties’ residences. The one recommendation that Kellogg objects to on appeal is the Referees’ proposal to impose ‘ho build” zones on sections of each half, including much of the aforementioned meadow. In their report the Referees stated the following regarding the ‘ho build” zones: ‘No residential structures nor permanent agricultural structures (excepting fences, corrаls or stock water facilities) should be built in these areas. These restrictions should appear in the deeds to these tracts and should be clearly identified in new Certificates of Survey and/or retracement Surveys.” (Emphasis in original.) The Referees’ stated reasons for the ‘ho build” zones are that they should “reduce the need for any new permanent service roads and alleviate future discord.” As to the effect the restrictions will have on the value of the property, the Referees stated that they “concurred that neither party’s ownership would be significantly diminished in value through such prohibitions.”
¶8 Kellogg challenged the ‘ho build” restrictions, asking the court to reject the Referees’ recommendation. He argued that the Referees do not have the power to recommend such a restriction in a partition action. The District Court disagreed and adopted the Referees’ report *86 in its entirety. Kellоgg now appeals the court’s imposition of the ‘ho build” zones.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶9 When the referees in a partition action submit their report to the district court, the court “may confirm, change, modify, or set aside the report....” Section 70-29-212, MCA;
Tillett v. Lippert
(1996),
DISCUSSION
ISSUE ONE
¶10 Whether the District Court had the power to impose a servitude forbidding building on parts of the partitioned property.
¶11 Kellogg asserts that the District Court did not have the power to impose ‘ho build” zones on the partitioned propеrty. He points out that neither he nor Dearborn requested such a servitude in their pleadings. Additionally, he argues that the only statutory power given to referees (and thus to the district court) to impose a servitude on a party to a partition proceeding is the power to create roads. Section 70-29-205(2), MCA, allows referees to “set apart a portion of the [partitioned] property for a way, road, or street....” Since the servitude in question hеre is not a “way, road, or street,” Kellogg reasons that neither the Referees nor the court possesses the power to impose a ‘ho build” zone.
¶12 In addition to §70-29-205(2), MCA, however, stands §70-29-209, MCA. That statute states that when a partition cannot be made equally-that is, when it is not feasible to award each tenant-in-common an equal section of the propertydhe court “may adjudge compensation to be made by one party to another on account of the inequality ....’’This refers to the ancient practice of owelty, through which a court avoids ordering a partition by sale when a property cannot be equally divided.
See Kravik v. Lewis
(1984),
¶13 Although owelty often arises in the form of a monetary award, historically these “ordinary principles of equity” have included the power to impose servitudes. For example, one partition case from Massachusetts involved a court granting an air and light easement to one tenant-in-common, thus imposing a servitude on another.
Bornstein v. Doherty
(Mass. 1910),
¶14 Kellogg argues that, since neither party sought to impose a ‘ho build” zone, the court exceeded its powers in imposing one. In seeking to have the property partitioned, Kellogg did not seek to have the property divided along a particular line. That was left to the discretion of the court. Likewise, even though neither party sought to impose ‘ho build” zones, the court, in exercising its equitable powers, had the discretion to adopt the Referees’ recommendation in that regard.
¶15 The dissent states that the issue of the ‘ho-build zone” arose at “the end of the litigation
by way of judgment,”
thereby inferring that Kellogg was caught off guard and should not be faulted for failing to raise constitutional objections. Such was not the case. When the referees’ report recommending a ‘ho-build zone” was filed, the District Court ordered the рarties to file objections thereto before the Court decided whether to adopt the recommendations. Although Kellogg had advance notice that the District Court was entertaining adoption of the no-build zone and filed an objection contending that the recommendation exceeded statutory authority, he did not argue that the no-build zone constituted an unconstitutional taking of his property. Thus, in arguing that the judgment herein interferes with the fundamental constitutional right of ‘[possessing and protecting property” under Article II, Section 3, of the Montana Constitution and
*88
amounts to an unconstitutional “taking” of Kellogg’s property, the dissent addresses theories which were neither raised in nor addressed by the District Court. A party may not raise new arguments or change his legal theory on appeal because it is unfair to fault the trial court on an issue that it was never given an opportunity to consider.
State v. Gouras,
ISSUE TWO
Whether the District Court’s findings of fact are sufficient to support the imposition of building restrictions.
¶16 Even assuming that the court has the equitable power to impose building restrictions, Kellogg contends that the court’s findings of fact are insufficient to support such restrictions. The ‘ho build” zones of this case are different from the servitudes in the above-cited partition cases because they have been imposed on both parties. This is permissible so long as the court imposes the servitudes in order to equitably divide the property. See above discussion of §70-29-209, MCA. However, Kellogg argues that the Referees recommended the ‘ho build” zones, not in order to equitably divide the property, but for the purpose of alleviating acrimony between neighbors. He contends that such a purpose is outside of the court’s equitable powers in a partition action and is thus illegitimate.
¶17 Although Kellogg is correct in arguing that the Referees relied, in part, on the rationale of alleviating neighborly tension, that was not the Referees’ only stated reason for recommending the ‘ho build” zones. As mentioned earlier, another reason was to “reduce the need for any new permanent service roads.” Given the “swiss cheese” nature of the tenancy and neighboring properties, there is already a large problem in the Joslin Basin with accommodating every structure with vehicular access. The Referees werе obviously addressing the concern that either Kellogg or Dearborn would sell some of the land on the meadow separating their homes and that the new owners would then build structures on that land and seek access through Dearborn’s and/or Kellogg’s property. In order to head-off such a demand for future easements, the Referees thought it wise to ban future building on these areas of land. 1 With the ban in place, the division of the properties is *89 more equitable because there will be less demand for new disruptive serviсe roads. The Referees’ recom-mendation, adopted by the District Court, adheres to the “ordinary principles of equity” referenced in §70-29-209, MCA.
¶18 We conclude that the court’s imposition of the ‘ho build” zone is supported by the Referees’ recommendations as adopted by the District Court and the resulting concern with reducing the need for new permanent service roads as well as the concern with reducing potential friction between the litigants.
CONCLUSION
¶19 We affirm the judgment of the District Court.
¶20 ‘Thаt alone is a just government,” wrote James Madison, “which impartially secures to every man, whatever is his own.”
Kelo v. City of New London
(2005),
¶21 Believing that the judgment interferes with the fundamental constitutional right of “possessing and protecting property,” see Article II, Section 3, Montana Constitution, I would reverse the District Court’s imposition of the “no-build zone” on the property involved in this matter.
¶22 TI]n order to be fundamental, a right must be found within Montana’s Declaration of Rights or be a right ‘without which other constitutionally guarаnteed rights would have little meaning.’”
MEIC v. Dept. of Environmental Quality,
¶23 Kellogg argues that the court’s imposition of the no-build zone upon the subject property equates to a ‘taking” of his private property interests without due process. He asserts that, by seeking partition of the property, hе did not surrender use rights to the property or waive due process. Kellogg’s takings construct is appropriate; many of the cases which have analyzed the kinds of property interests which can be impinged by government action fall within our takings jurisprudence. ¶24 In
Knight v. City of Billings
(1982),
Though no physical taking has occurred, the result of the City’s actions has been to impose a servitude, a limitation upon the use and marketability of plaintiffs’ properties as residential. ...
... [T]he City of Billings, although exercising its police power validly, and validly refusing to amеnd its zoning ordinance on plaintiffs’ petition, nonetheless thereby interfered with the private property interests of the plaintiff so as to constitute a “taking” by inverse condemnation.
Knight,
¶25 The question then becomes whether a servitude may be imposed upon property by a court within a partition action when the statute authorizing the proceeding does not provide for suсh impositions. Respondents frame the issue to the contrary, urging that “[t]he issue is not whether the District Court violated Montana’s statutes by imposing a remedy that was not expressly provided for in the statutes” but, rather, “whether the Court’s equitable discretion permitted it to adopt a Referee’s Report that included ‘no-build’ zones as an integral part of a complex land division.”The Court sides with Respondents, concluding that there are ‘broad powers” within §70-29-209(2), MCA, which allow *91 the imposition of servitudes as a matter of equity. I disagree.
¶26 The fundamental right of property and the concomitant constitutional standards of review do not simply vanish under the exercise of equity. Neither can a court grant relief by equity which exceeds statutory authorization. ‘In Montana, an action for partition is a special statutory proceeding. ‘We must therefore look to the statute for the authority to bring the action, and for the procedure tо be followed both in bringing the action and after it is instituted.’ ”
Lawrence v. Harvey
(1980),
Due to the frequent impracticality inherent in actual division, however, all states, except Maine, have, by statute, expanded the right to partition to permit a partition by sale under certain circumstances. See Restatement, 2 Property c. 11, pp. 658-61....
On the basis of the history of the right to partition, and in light of the legislative treatment of that right, we have held repeatedly that in resolving partition actions, the only two modes of relief within the power of the court are partition by division of real estate and partition by sale. ‘tA] court is limited to rendering a judgment of either partition in kind or by sale of the real property; Klaus v. Klaus,143 Conn. 218 , 221,121 A.2d 283 (1956); thus terminating the ownership relationship between the parties.” [Citations omitted.] Accordingly, remedies that fall outside the realm of partition in kind or partition by sale are not ‘legally permissible”: Wilcox v. Willard Shopping Center Associates, supra, 324,544 A.2d 1207 ; and a “court is precluded from substituting its own ideas of what might be a wise provision in place of a clear expression of legislative will.” Penfield v. Jarvis, supra, at 474-75,399 A.2d 1280 .
Fernandes,
[I]f it appear by the evidence ... to the satisfaction of the court that the property or any part is so situated that the partition cannot be made without great prejudice to the owners, the court may order a sale thereof; otherwise, upon the requisite proofs being made, it must order a partition according to the respective rights of the parties as ascertained by the court....
*92 Section 70-29-202, MCA (emphasis added) 2 .
¶28 This Court has not hesitated to overturn partition orders which exceed statutory parameters. In
Lawrence,
we stated that the partition court may ‘brake an equitable adjustment of the cotenants’ interests,” but reversed the judgment аt issue, noting that the equities within a partition suit “are
limited to such as arise from the partition of the land.” Lawrence,
¶29 The Court today attempts to stretch this statutory authority by relying on the reference in § 70-29-209(2), MCA, to “principlеs of equity,” which it describes as ‘broad powers.” See ¶ 12. However, this section addresses the court’s authority to “adjudge compensation to be made by one party to another” when “a partition cannot be made equal between the parties according to their respective rights.” Here, no compensatory award pursuant to this section was made and, in any event, the reference to “principles of equity” in a provision addressing such awards does not authorize the court to impose new servitudes on the property. The Court also relies on two turn-of-the-last-century cases from other states which approve imposition of “reasonable easements,” “reasonable servitudes,”‘bents,” and “charges”in partition actions, but which bear no relation to either our statutes or to our constitutional jurisprudence.
¶30 That the District Court exceeded its authority under our statutes can be readily seen: under the partition order, the parties have “lesser” property interests separately than they had together. That is, the property now bears a servitude, or restriction on use, that did not previously exist. The District Court has thus rendered the sum of the parts as less than the whole. To the contrary, property owners cannot
lose
property in a partition action: “the court... must order a partition
according to
the respective rights of the parties ....’’Section 70-29-202, MCA (emphasis added). If the property is to be divided “according to”
*93
the owners’ property rights, such division cannot reduce those property rights. “A court’s function when deciding a partition action is not to create new interests in property held by tenants in common, but is merely to sever the unity of possession owned by the tenants.”
Martinez v. Martinez
(Colo. App. 1981),
¶31 Allowing a partition court to impose servitudes not authorized by statute 3 turns the judge into a glorified land planning officer for purposеs of the subject property. However, a partition action is not a subdivision and platting task in which the court can impose restrictions upon property over the owner’s objection, regardless of how convenient or beneficial such authority would be. The flexibility which the trial court enjoys when acting in equity is necessarily circumscribed by the statutes governing that process. To allow courts to go beyond the statute invites what occurred here: a loss of property interests, for purposes of a convenient division, which violated a fundamental constitutional right.
¶32 The Court responds that this dissent “addresses theories which were neither raised in nor addressed by the District Court.” Under the circumstances, this is entirely reasonable.
¶33 The central premise for the constitutional violation is that the District Court restricted property rights by exceeding its statutory authority-a premise which the Court does not rebut. When the refereеs’ report was filed in the District Court, Kellogg filed objections thereto, arguing that the no-build zone Vas beyond the scope of a partition action or the authority of the referees or the Court.”Kellogg argued that the referees’ recommendation violated the statute and requested the District Court to remand the matter to the referees for a redetermination without the offending building restrictions.
¶34 The District Court rejected that request and, without further proceedings, decreed that the no-build zone be imposed. It was this error by the District Court which violated the Constitution. Unlike other litigation, where parties seek remedies for past grievances, there was no constitutional violation here until the District Court rejected Kellogg’s correct argument that the referees had exceeded their statutory authority, and ordered the imposition of a no-build zone on the property. Thus, the constitutional violation oсcurred at the end of *94 the litigation by way of the judgment-^with the District Court as the state actor. As such, it was entirely appropriate for Kellogg to argue on appeal that the judgment itself violated due process, and for this Court to respond.
¶35 I would reverse.
Notes
The Referees also recommended imposing a ‘ho build”zone on a separate section of Dearborn’s land, wholly removed from Kellogg’s. Since Dearborn does not object to this zone, it is not addressed in this opinion.
Section 70-29-205, MCA, imposes the same requirement upon the referees: ‘In making partition, the referees must divide the property and allot the several portions thereof to the respective parties, quality and quantity relatively considered, according to the respective rights of the parties as determined by the court, pursuant to the provisions of this chapter ....’’(Emphasis added.)
The statutes specifically provide that a portion of partitioned property may be set aside for a road under the conditions set forth therein. See §70-29-205(2), MCA.