James KELLNER and Lauri Kellner, individually and as next kin of Michael W. Kellner, deceased; Lauri Kellner, individually and as natural parent and next of kin of Shawn June, a minor, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
BUDGET CAR AND TRUCK RENTAL, INC., et al.; Comcar Industries, Inc., a/k/a M.D. Transport Systems, Inc., Defendants,
Clay Hyder Trucking Lines, Inc.; M.D. Transport Systems, Inc.; John Zaffer, Administrator of the Estate of Christopher N. Zaffer, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 02-5314.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued: September 17, 2003.
Decided and Filed: February 26, 2004. Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206.
Argued: Paul T. Gillenwater, GILLENWATER, NICHOL & AMES, Knoxville, Tennessee, H. Forrest Horne, Jr., JONES, MARTIN, PARRIS & TESSENER, PLLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Plaintiffs.
Michael J. King, WOOLF, McCLANE, BRIGHT, ALLEN & CARPENTER, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Defendants.
ON BRIEF: Paul T. Gillenwater, GILLENWATER, NICHOL & AMES, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Plaintiffs.
Michael J. King, Tony R. Dalton, WOOLF, McCLANE, BRIGHT, ALLEN & CARPENTER, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Defendants.
Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; KRUPANSKY and CLAY, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
KRUPANSKY, Circuit Judge.
James and Lauri Kellner, appearing individually and as next of kin, have appealed the district court's summary dismissal of their negligence suit against three party-defendants — John Zaffer, administrator of the estate of Christopher Zaffer ("Zaffer"), M.D. Transport Systems, Inc. ("MDTS") and Clay Hyder Trucking Lines, Inc. ("CHTL") — arising from a motor vehicle accident on the Tennessee interstate. The Kellners have contended that defendants negligently and proximately caused the accident by leaving a tractor-trailer parked in the emergency "breakdown" lane along the shoulder of the interstate. For the reasons discussed below, this Court affirms the order of summary judgment.
On the morning of October 23, 1999, Christopher Zaffer was driving his tractor-trailer westbound on Interstate 40 in Jefferson County, Tennessee, when his rig began experiencing mechanical problems and became disabled.1 Zaffer drove the vehicle into the emergency lane of the interstate and there is no dispute between the parties that both Zaffer's tractor and trailer were completely within the "breakdown" lane with no portion of the rig protruding into or overlapping onto the travel lanes of the interstate.2
Zaffer placed the orange-triangle warning devices required by Tennessee statute and federal regulation behind the tractor-trailer to signal to approaching traffic that his rig was disabled. The weather conditions were clear and the roadway was dry. The section of I-40 on which Zaffer's rig became disabled provided three lanes for motorists traveling either east or west. According to record testimony the tractor-trailer could be seen by approaching westbound motorists from a distance of at least 1,000 feet.
Zaffer was under or near the tractor-trailer, shortly before 3:30 p.m., when Diane Rupe was driving westbound on I-40 in a Ford truck with a 24-foot cargo box, rented from Budget Car & Truck Rental, Inc. ("Budget"). Behind the Ford truck, Rupe towed a minivan. In the passenger cab, along with Rupe, were her grandsons Michael Kellner and Shawn June, ages 1 and 10 respectively.
Tragically, the Budget truck driven by Rupe left the far right travel lane of traffic, moved into the emergency lane, and collided with Zaffer's parked tractor-trailer. As a result of the collision, Michael Kellner, Rupe and Zaffer were killed, while Shawn June sustained injuries requiring hospitalization.
On June 6, 2000, plaintiffs-appellants James and Lauri Kellner, the parents of Michael Kellner and Shawn June, filed a negligence complaint in the district court against MDTS and Comcar Industries ("Comcar"). Appellants later amended their complaint to add as defendants: Zaffer's estate, CHTL, Jeannie Denniston — the administrator of the estate of Diane Rupe — and State Farm Insurance Company ("State Farm"), Rupe's uninsured/underinsured motorist insurance carrier. On September 20, 2000, the parties agreed by stipulation to dismiss Comcar from the action.
On November 29, 2001, Zaffer, MDTS and CHTL filed a motion for summary judgment; State Farm filed a motion for summary judgment on December 14, 2001. On February 11, 2002 in a memorandum and order, the district court granted defendants' motions, concluding that, as a matter of law, the defendants' actions were not the proximate cause of the appellants injuries and damages.3 On February 25, 2002, appellants filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court.4
This Court reviews de novo the order granting summary judgment to appellees Zaffer, MDTS and CHTL. See Virts v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. of Delaware,
As the forum state, Tennessee precedent provides that a plaintiff bringing a negligence action must prove: "(1) a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff; (2) conduct falling below the applicable standard of care amounting to a breach of that duty; (3) an injury or loss; (4) causation in fact; and (5) proximate, or legal cause." Bennett v. Putnam County,
In the instant case, the district court determined that as a matter of Tennessee law a reasonable jury could conclude that Zaffer had breached his duty by not moving the rig to a safer location in the five hours prior to the accident. However, in granting the motion for summary judgment the court concluded that, as a matter of law, none of the movants — Zaffer, MDTS, or CHTL — provided the proximate cause of the accident.
Based upon the undisputed facts that Zaffer's rig rested completely off the active traffic lanes of the interstate and was plainly visible for a distance of over 1,000 feet, the district court reasoned that "a reasonable jury would have to conclude Rupe could see the rig prior to the accident." Consequently, the court concluded that Rupe's actions in leaving the travel lanes and crashing into Zaffer's rig were the proximate cause of plaintiffs' losses. In so deciding, the court relied upon Carney v. Goodman,
Further, the district court stated that through Carney "Tennessee [has] adopted a special rule about proximate causation in standing vehicle cases such as the present one." While the general rule in Tennessee, that the foreseeability of an intervening, superseding act presents a jury question, the Carney court adopted a special rule in standing vehicle cases, which the district court applied in the present case, noting that "[u]nder this rule it is unforeseeable as a matter of law someone would drive into a plainly visible standing vehicle." The Carney opinion noted that "[t]he operator of a vehicle that crashes into a vehicle negligently left standing in an unsuitable stopping place provides the proximate cause of any resulting injuries if she could see the standing vehicle in time to avoid a collision." Id.
On appeal, the plaintiffs aver that summary judgment is inappropriate in the instant case where facts regarding the foreseeability requirement of proximate causation are in dispute. Specifically, the appellants maintain that Zaffer's negligence was the proximate cause of the tragic accident because, by parking his disabled vehicle on the shoulder of the interstate and not moving it during the five hours preceding the accident, Zaffer could foresee through the exercise of reasonable diligence that injury or loss could or would occur. However, appellants' reliance upon such a broad definition of foreseeability fails to comport with Tennessee negligence law and, consequently, fails to prove that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to appellees.
Pursuant to Tennessee negligence law, once it is determined that the defendant owed the plaintiff a legal obligation to conform to a reasonable person standard of conduct, i.e., a duty — the question becomes whether defendant failed to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances, i.e., whether defendant breached the duty. In a negligence action, the standard of conduct is always the same. It is a standard of reasonable care in light of the apparent risk. See Pittman v. Upjohn Co.,
Upon this court's review, the record evidence indicates that, contrary to the district court's determination, Zaffer did not breach any duty of care. Tennessee has codified the standard of care for parking a disabled vehicle by making certain conduct illegal and by requiring drivers of commercial vehicles to take certain safety precautions when their vehicles break down. Vehicles left standing on "any highway outside of a business or residential district" must be parked off of the "paved or main-traveled part of the highway" and must be positioned to allow "a clear view of [the vehicle] from a distance of 200 feet." Tenn.Code Ann. § 55-8-158 (1998)5; see also Fergus v. Action Cartage & Distrib.,
The district court found that none of the defendants breached a statutory or regulatory duty of care owed to the plaintiffs. The evidence disclosed that Zaffer did not violate any of Tennessee's traffic provisions relating to disabled vehicles. Additional testimony by the Tennessee Highway Patrol also indicated that, as a practice, they do not remove abandoned vehicles from the shoulder of the interstate until forty-eight hours after the vehicles were first observed. Zaffer had been on the shoulder of the interstate no longer than five and a half hours according to the appellants' own expert and he had not abandoned the tractor-trailer.
However, the district court concluded that Zaffer had breached his common-law duty of care, predicated on its reading of Maddux v. Bush,
In the instant case, the district court found a genuine issue existed with regard to whether Zaffer could have moved his rig to a safer location. However, this Court is persuaded otherwise and concludes that defendants' actions did not result in the breach of a duty of care. The question of whether a vehicle can reasonably be moved to a safer location should be asked when, as was the case in Maddux, the vehicle has been parked in a dangerous location such as in the roadway. The rule that gives rise to this question states that "a driver should not stop his vehicle in a dangerous place when it can be moved to safer one." Id. at *3 (citing Barr v. Charley,
A breach of defendants' duty of care is an essential element of the Kellners' claim in this negligence action. Summary judgment is appropriate when an essential element of negligence is missing. Doe,
Moreover, consonant with the district court's determination, defendants' actions were not the proximate cause of the plaintiffs' injuries. To sustain proximate cause, a plaintiff must prove "(1) the tortfeasor's conduct must have been a `substantial factor' in bringing about the harm being complained of; and (2) there is no rule or policy that should relieve the wrongdoer from liability because of the manner in which the negligence had resulted in harm; and (3) the harm giving rise to the action could have reasonably been foreseen or anticipated by a person of ordinary intelligence and prudence." McClenahan v. Cooley,
The appellants rely upon the discussion of proximate cause and foreseeability in Goodermote v. State of Tennessee,
Goodermote,
Appellants have further contended that since Zaffer could foresee the possibility that a car would leave its lane and strike his rig then his actions were the proximate cause of the accident. Appellants' broadly construed notion of foreseeability leads, however, to logical absurdities and fails to comport with Tennessee judicial precedent. Thus, under the appellants' scheme a driver legally traveling in her own lane, who is hit by another vehicle that crossed into that driver's lane, could be held liable for negligence because it was foreseeable that vehicles leave their lanes of traffic.
Tennessee precedent construes foreseeability more narrowly than plaintiffs suggest. In Underwood v. Waterslides of Mid-America,
The essence of the rule as to independent intervening cause is whether the subsequent successive acts and injuries were probable and therefore to be anticipated.... Our Supreme Court has explained that the test of liability under the law of intervening cause requires a person to anticipate or foresee what would normally happen; one is not required to anticipate and provide against what is unusual or unlikely to happen, or that which is only remotely possible.
Id. at 180. Pursuant to this standard, the district court correctly determined it was not foreseeable, within the meaning of Tennessee law, that Rupe, with an extended unobstructed view of Zaffer's tractor-trailer, would leave three travel lanes of interstate and strike the rig that was parked completely within the emergency breakdown lane.
The appellants have additionally argued that the district court erred in applying the Carney test because the subsequent decision in McIntyre v. Balentine,
Moreover, in light of Eaton's directive, it is important to note that while the district court failed to consider comparative negligence in its determination, it did not need to do so because the district court did not conclude that Zaffer was "guilty of negligent conduct that proximately caused the injuries." Id. Instead it only concluded that a fair-minded jury could have found that Zaffer's rig was reasonably capable of being moved to a safer location. This was a finding of a possible breach of duty and not a finding of proximate cause. Consequently, under Eaton, a comparative negligence analysis was not legally necessary to the district court's grant of summary judgment.
In light of the aforementioned, this Court concludes that the defendants' actions did not give rise to a breach of a duty of care and that as a matter of law Rupe's actions provided the proximate cause of plaintiffs' losses and, therefore, affirms the district court's grant of summary judgment.
Notes:
Notes
Zaffer owned the parked and disabled 1991 Freightliner commercial truck-tractor struck by Rupe. In 1999 Zaffer had leased his tractor to appellee M.D. Transport Systems and had begun hauling freight for MDTS; however, at the time of the accident Zaffer was hauling a load for defendant-appellee Clay Hyder Trucking Lines, Inc
Appellants contend that Zaffer's tractor-trailer was stopped one foot from the fog line which separates the travel lanes of the interstate from the emergency breakdown lane. The evidence indicates that the rig wasat least one foot from the line and may, perhaps, have been further, but the impact of the accident moved the truck several feet making estimations difficult.
The plaintiffs did not respond to State Farm's motion for summary judgment. State Farm's potential for liability rested solely on the testimony of a witness who speculated that Rupe had to take evasive action to avoid a vehicle swerving toward Rupe on her left and causing her to strike the tractor-trailer. This testimony was later recanted by the witness as pure speculation and no corroborating testimony emerged to support the witness's earlier statement. Because the plaintiffs did not contest State Farm's position the court granted the State Farm motion and dismissed State Farm from the lawsuit. See E.D. TN. LR 7.2 ("Failure to respond to a motion may be deemed a waiver of any opposition to the relief sought.")
On March 22, 2002, because there were other claims and cross-claims remaining for adjudication in the instant case, the Clerk of the Sixth Circuit entered an Order for the plaintiffs to show cause why their appeal should not be dismissed for lack of a final appealable order. The show cause order was withdrawn on May 6, 2002 after the district court approved a settlement of all remaining claims in the action, leaving the only remaining issues in the case as those between appellees and appellantsGillis v. United States Dep't of Health and Human Serv.,
§ 55-8-158. Stopping or parking on roadways
(a) Upon any highway outside of a business or residential district, no person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle, whether attended or unattended, upon the paved or main-traveled part of the highway when it is practicable to stop, park or so leave such vehicle off such part of the highway, but in every event an unobstructed width of the highway opposite a standing vehicle of not less than eighteen feet (18') shall be left for the free passage of other vehicles, and a clear view of such stopped vehicles shall be available from a distance of two hundred feet (200') in each direction upon such highway.
(b)(1) This section shall not apply to the driver of any vehicle which is disabled while on the paved or main-traveled portion of a highway in such manner and to such extent that it is impossible to avoid stopping and temporarily leaving such disabled vehicle in such position.
Tenn.Code § 55-8-158.
See also Carr v. Ozburn-Hessey Storage Co.,
It is the opinion of this court that the undisputed facts establish that Ms. Carr's negligence was greater than that of Mr. Guffy. No reasonable jury could find that Mr. Guffy, who drove a heavily loaded truck approximately twenty to twenty-five miles per hour on an uphill slope from an almost complete stop, was more negligent than Ms. Carr, who failed to notice a fully lit tractor-trailer on a familiar, unobstructed stretch of highway in clear weather until it was too late to avoid crashing into it. The evidence that Ms. Carr's negligence was equal to or greater than that of Mr. Guffy is overwhelming. Reasonable minds could not differ as to the legal conclusions that must be drawn. Therefore, the issue of apportionment of fault was properly withdrawn from the jury and determined by the court as a matter of law.
The facts proving foreseeability included proof that industry standards had called for installation of the safety bars omitted by the State, proof that the State's own plans for construction of the highway in question called for the safety barriers, and proof that the State had notice of six accidents at the same location during the three years preceding the specific incident inGoodermote.