16 Ill. App. 121 | Ill. App. Ct. | 1885
The main and only defense to the note sued on, which the defendant in error has any claim in reason to maintain, and the only one we feel called upon in the main to notice, is that the consideration in part of the settlement between him and Tillie Lettow was the compounding of the crimes of abortion and abduction, which she or her attorney had charged him with, and threatened to prosecute unless there was a compromise, and that the defendant was guilty of crime and moral turpitude in compounding them, and that the plaintiff, being cognizant of all the facts, and his agent in bringing about such a result, aiding and abetting therein, is as much guilty of moral obliquity in the transaction as the defendant, and therefore should not be heard in the courts or assisted in recovering from him the money he has paid out at his request, and for his benefit; that he and the plaintiff are in jpari delicto and for that reason no recovery can be had.
The question arises whether under the facts and circumstances of the case and the law applicable thereto, there was any compounding of the crimes of abortion and abduction.
It is contended by the counsel for the plaintiff in error that if the defendant in error was not guilty of either of the crimes of abortion or attempted abortion, and abduction, and no criminal prosecution had been commenced against him, and that mere fraudulent threats were made by the Lettows and Wright, their attorney, to prosecute him for these criminal charges to frighten him into a settlement of a matter which he had a lawful right to settle, and the defendant yielded out of fear of criminal prosecution and settled by reason of such fear, and it was agreed as part of the consideration that the crimes so charged were not to be prosecuted, then there was no compounding of a crime within the meaning of the law, and that defendant Buck would not be guilty of such moral turpitude as would avoid the agreement between him and the Lettows on the ground alone that the consideration was against public policy and void. That under such circumstances Buck would not be prohibited and barred from bringing his action against the Lettows to recover from them any consideration he may have paid them by reason of such agreement, in case the consideration had failed and he was otherwise entitled to bring the suit, on the ground that the contract was against public policy and he was in pari delicto with them. This question seems to be a new one in this State. There is no doubt, however, of the general doctrine that any agreement made in consideration of compounding a crime is utterly void, and that when this appears courts will refuse to aid either party to enforce such an agreement, but will leave the parties without any remedy where they left themselves. The courts regard such parties as being in pari delicto and not entitled to relief in court where one party refuses to perform the agreement. But the question, so far as we have been able to discover, has never been raised in this State, as to whether in case there are i o grounds for the criminal charge and no prosecution has been instituted, there can be any compounding of such false charge as to bring the case within the general rule with all its consequences. And in other States we can find but four cases where the- decision turned directly upon this point, to wit, James v. Roberts, 18. Ohio, 548; Chandler v. Johnson, 39 Georgia, 85, and Catlin v. Henton, 9 Wisconsin, 496, and Steuben Co. National Bank v. Matheson, 5 Hill (N. Y.), 249. In the last cited case one of the grounds for demurrer to the plea was that it failed to aver that the crime of forgery had been in fact committed. The court says, “ The plea is bad, I think, for the single reason that it fails to aver the fact either of a forgery or a criminal uttering of the note.”
“ In the case before us it is not averred that a criminal prosecution had been instituted. If the plea had shown thus much and an agreement to stop the prosecution or in any way em-ban-ass its course, that would have been illegal and vitiated the bond whether the prosecution had been founded on the truth or not. The public have an interest that such prosecutions should be carried on to conviction or acquittal; and the plea need not in such case aver the fact that the crime was committed; nor do the precedents contain such an averment.” But in case there is no prosecution instituted the court hold, in order to make out a case of compounding of a crime there must have been a crime committed.
The case of Catlin v. Henton, 9 Wis. 496, above cited, the same rule is announced as in the above case cited from 5 Hill, which is cited in the Wisconsin court in support of the doctrine. The case of James v. Roberts, the facts were that Roberts accused him of being guilty of the crime of perjury and went by James’ house and told him he was on his way to get out a warrant for him, and by these threats of prosecution frightened James into executing the notes and mortgage that he was trying to get relief from in the court, and upon executing the notes and mortgage, received an agreement from Roberts that he would not prosecute him outlie charge of perjury. Roberts set up in defense the same claim that is relied on in this case, that the contract was against public policy and that James should not be heard by the court in his prayer for relief.
The majority of the corn-tin passing on the point say: “We are of the opinion that James was entirely innocent of the crime charged against him, and that this was known to all the parties concerned; that the charge was got up merely for the purpose of extorting money from him by operating on his fears, and that fearing the consequences of prosecution, notwithstanding his innocence, he executed the note and mortgage.”
The court finds that the notes and mortgage were executed through intimidation and fear and say that “ where a party through cowardice and fear do acts which are only calculated to injure himself, they have never, in a legal sense of the term been regarded as immoral or contrary to public policy.”
“ A true public policy requires that all groundless proseentions lionld, if possible, be prevented, and that every facility shall be afforded the innocent to escape from such calamity, and we think an innocent party may with great propriety ask to be relieved from the consequences of a groundless charge.” The court granted to James the relief sought against the notes and mortgage.
The next and last case is that of Chandler v. Johnson, 39 Georgia, 85. This was an action of assumpsit on a promissory note, given by Johnson and his co-makers to John H. Lovejoy and indorsed to Chandler; the plea set up in defense of the note,was that it was given in consideration of compounding a felony, to compromise the offense of stabbing committed by Johnson on Lovejoy. Uo legal proceedings were instituted against Johnson lor the offense. The verdict was for plaintiff and appealed to the Supreme Court of Georgia on a new trial being granted. The point in controversy arose on the instruction given to the jury on the trial, which was “ that there must be proof that a felony was actually committed before the note sued on could be deemed illegal on the ground of having been given in whole or in part to compound a felony, and that the jury must determine from the evidence whether in fact a felony had been committed or not.” The court in deciding upon the carelessness of this instruction said, “Thecharge of the court, that the defendant must prove that a felony had been actually committed was, we think, too strong and calculated without explanation to mislead the jury. The natural inference from the charge is that it was upon the defendant to make out a clear case of guilt on his part. We do not think this is the law. It is sufficient if there be a dona fide charge against the defendant of a felony. Any stronger case than this required to defend an act tinctured with illegality by reason of its being given to compound a felony, would make the law a farce. It is a high requirement of public policy that felonies shall be punished, since the law frowns upon any attempt to suppress the investigation of such a charge, and the agreement not to prosecute is the illegality. Chitty on Contracts, 582, and notes.”
It seems from the decision in the last case cited that the charge must be Iona fide, that is, made in good faith. We think that if it was a fraudulent charge, made with sinister de^ sign for the purpose of extorting money, even under the decision of the Chandler-Johnson case, it would not be illegal for the accused to yield to such an extent as to deprive him of the right to maintain his action for the recovery of his rights.
We are not called upon by the facts in this case, or the claim made by counsel, to decide whether the rule announced by the courts of Hew York and Wisconsin, above cited, is correct as broadly as there laid down, but only whether under the facts of this case the defense that the contract is contrary to public policy can be maintained.
The facts are scarcely disputed. The evidence of the de fendant in error is allowed by him to stand as the truth in the case, and the evidence of a party to the suit is always regarded by the courts as against himself, of having peculiar force and weight and generally conclusive against him. What does he testify to in regard to the matter of abortion and abduction? He says in his testimony, speaking of what took place at the time the note was executed, “After the execution of the note I told Keith it was a put up job to get money; that there was no ground for any such charges. At the time the note was given they told me there were four charges and they would sock me for on all; it was given to settle all the four charges, nothing else.” * * * “ When we went to Belvidere he told Wright there was no abortion and Wright says, ‘ Wait till those two doctors come out and we will see.’ Then he went into the office and we gave the notes.”
In the affidavit which he made for the purpose of a new trial in the case of Hovey v. Keith and Robinson, on their $500 note, and which he introduced in evidence in this case on the trial in the court below, he says:
“The said note was given in settlement of charges of bastardy, of attempt to procure abortion upon Tillie Lettow, of abduction and seduction, and upon an agreement of said Tillie Lettow that none of said charges should be prosecuted,” etc., * * * “ and that before said note was given I saw Wright and attempted to convince him that there was no possible ground for the charge of attempted abortion. That said Wright, for the evident purpose of alarming me, said Wait till the two doctors come up and swear and then see; that I then asked him what Tillie Lettow said about it; that he replied Rever mind now; that when he spoke of the two doctors his manner was such as to leave me to fear that a job was put up on me, and that they had some doctors that would swear to something very hard against me; that then I did not know what constituted the crime of abduction. That I have since read the statute defining abduction and know its contents, to wit, Sec. 1, Chap. 38, R. S. 1874, and that I now know that I was in no sense guilty of abduction or of anything approaching to said crime; about six months after that the note was given."{
This ought to settle the question against the defendant that there were no grounds for the charges of abduction or attempted abortion, and the charges were falsely and knowingly made by Wright and Tillie Lettow for the purpose of frightening him into paying her a large amount of money. This is almost identical in its facts, so far as the principle is involved? with the James ease in 18 Ohio, supra,, and of course is covered in principle by the cases in Row York and Wisconsin, which even go farther. To hold that under the facts no compounding of crime took place in this case would not be opposed to the principle announced in the Georgia case, supra, for there it was held that the criminal charge should be bona fide made, and not fictitious.
Whether the Supreme Court of Ohio meant to hold that for no purpose could the case there decided be regarded as compounding a crime, or whether it meant to hold that under the facts as found by the court, the parties, James and Roberts, could not be held in pari delicto, so as to bar James from maintaining his action, is not so clear from what was said, nor does it make any difference, as any rule that would free the party asking relief from turpitude to that degree as would enable him to maintain his action in court, would answer every purpose. Sometimes a party is held to be in clelicto but not in pari delicto, and in such case the rule sought to be invoiced by defendant in error would not bar plaintiff from maintaining his action. Story says in his work on Equity Jurisprudence: “In cases where both parties are in delicto concerning an illegal act it does not always follow that they stand in pari delicto, for there may be and often are, different degrees in guilt. One party may act under circumstances of oppressive hardship, undue influence, or great inequality of condition or age, so that his guilt may be far less in degree than that of his associates in the offense.” 1 Story’s Eq. Jur., Sec. 300, quoted in Baehr v. Wolf, 59 Ill. 470; see also other cases there cited. In that case the Supreme Court made the application of the principle to the following facts: Wolf being under indictment, charged with crime, and Baehr being on his bond for $600, afterward, with the aid of his wife, who was a sister of Wolf, represented to him that he stood in great danger of being convicted and sent to the penitentiary, and advised him to abscond, and by working on his fears procured him to do so, and to secure Baehr on his recognizance they induced him to deed them the real estate sought by Wolf to be recovered in that suit, and with the expectation on the part of Baehr and his wife, that Wolf would never return and they would get the land at a great sacrifice to Wolf. Wolf did leave, and Baehr took possession of the land, and the bill was filed by Wolf to recover it back, setting up that the deed was only a mortgage. Baehr set up as a defense that the deed was given for criminal purpose, to assist Wolf to run away and avoid trial, and claimed the benefit of the principle here invoked, that Wolf and himself were pari delicto in the transaction, and asked the court to refuse to aid Wolf on that ground. The court held that they were not under the rule laid down in Story in pari delicto, and granted the complainant the relief asked, to set aside the deed. In that case there was no question that it was illegal and against public policy that Wolf should be induced to abscond, or that lie was in the wrong to leave and flee from justice. To the suggestion that if Wolf was innocent he ought to have remained and asserted his innocence before the court and not taken the advice, the court say, by'Justice Scott, who delivered the opinion, “ Some allowance must always be made for the imperfections of the human judgment under certain circumstances; the conduct of persons accused of crime, although they may be entirely innocent, is often most inexplicable. Such persons often magnify manifold the dangers that surround them. Under such circumstances their fears are easily wrought upon, and the law will not always require of them the exercise of that clear and accurate judgment that would otherwise be expected. Under the facts in the case we can not regard the parties as standing in pari delicto. The moral turpitude attaching to appellant in the illegal transaction is much greater than that of the appellee, Wolf.”
We think that the same rule should apply in this case. Through fears caused by threats of being sent to the penitentiary on groundless charges, the contract was extorted from Buck. The law in its humanity regards a person in such condition in a different light from the party who by fraudulent and dishonest means gets possession of another’s property, and the courts of justice will not be closed against him on the ground that they are similarly guilty with the other party who overreached them. If, then. Buck was not guilty of compounding a crime, or was not in pari delicto with the Lettows, much less would the defendant in error, who is charged with being an accomplice with Buck in doing an illegal act, be guilty, and hence it follows that Buck can not, as against the plaintiff, make the defense sought to be made. The position of plaintiff in error in aiding Buck out of his troubles was that of a disinterested friend who lent him his money, property and credit, which saved him from prosecution and further public exposure, mortification and disgrace.
But this case has another phase. It may be that there was no consideration passing between the Lettows and Buck on account of the fraud practiced upon him by them, but of this we will not express an opinion.
Blaintiff in error, however, would not be barred from any recovery against him on that account for money advanced to Buck to liquidate such illegal consideration if any. The money and credit were loaned at Buck’s request, and it was no concern of plaintiff that the former did not receive value.
If the note given by plaintiff to Tillie Lettow was indorsed to Hovey he could have no defense if Hovey, as he claims, was an innocent holder without notice. And if he was not, and when the defendant had an opportunity to defend it and he consented to judgment on the note to Hovey, and plaintiff in consequence paid it, the latter would have the right to recover the amount of the judgment and costs, and interest paid on the judgment, with the interest specified in the note in suit from time of payment of judgment. We think the evidence largely preponderates in favor of the plaintiff on the question as to whether or not Buck consented to the entry of judgment in the Hovey suit. If Buck did not consent to the entry of judgment, before he can make any defense on the grounds that the Hovey suit was settled without his consent and against his will, he must prove by a preponderance of the evidence, 1. That the note was indorsed to Hovey with notice of defense; and, 2. That he had a good and valid defense to it.
It is charged in the defendant’s brief that O. II. Wright, Hovey and plaintiff were intending to get the most of the $1,000. In substance, that there was a conspiracy between them to extort money from the defendant. If this were so, the plaintiff would have no meritorious claim against defendant, and should go out of court and pay all costs, but we see no warrant in the evidence for any such charge, there being none on which to base it.
We will not examine the instructions in detail, but say all are erroneous which are in conflict with the principles here announced.
The verdict is manifestly contrary to the evidence, and the judgment is therefore reversed and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed and remanded.