47 N.E.2d 211 | Ohio | 1943
Lead Opinion
Since this cause is now here on its merits, the first and most important question engaging our attention is whether the defendant's employee was a licensee or trespasser as a matter of law, or whether his status is a mixed question of law and fact and should be left to the determination of a jury under instructions from the court.
A "trespasser" may be defined as one who unauthorizedly goes upon the private premises of another without invitation or inducement, express or implied, but purely for his own purposes or convenience; and where no mutuality of interest exists between him and the owner or occupant. Heller v. New York, N.H. H. Rd. Co. (C.C.A. 2),
According to several holdings, a "licensee" is one who stands in no contractual relationship to the owner or occupier of premises, but is permitted or tolerated thereon, expressly, impliedly or inferentially, merely for his own interest, convenience or pleasure or for that of a third person.Foley v. H. F. Farnham Co.,
Whether one is a trespasser or a licensee is often difficult to determine and frequently turns upon the peculiar circumstances connected with the particular entry.
In the pending litigation there is no dispute that the porch was enclosed. The evidence tends strongly to show that the porch contained furniture and that the door leading into it was shut. Moreover, the advent of any deliveryman from the McKelvey store was not anticipated by the Keeseckers during the afternoon in controversy.
On the other hand, in this day and age it is a matter of general knowledge that deliverymen, tradespeople and others having business or prospective business with the occupants of a private dwelling, or being in quest of information, commonly call at the front door. In the present case the porch door was unlocked, there was no warning to stay out, a doorbell was located beside the inside door, and the deliveryman was of the honest belief that the package he carried was to be left at the Keesecker residence.
Therefore, was the deliveryman guilty of an unauthorized or unlawful intrusion onto the porch, making him a trespasser, or was he confronted by appearances which would justify him in inferring that the owner or occupant had given tacit or implied assent to persons in a similar position to his to enter upon the porch and go to the other door for ordinary transactions, thus placing them in the category of licensees?
The rule is well established in this state that when the uncontradicted evidence discloses circumstances from which different minds may reasonably draw different conclusions, one favorable and the other unfavorable to the claim of a party, the evidence should be submitted to the jury under pertinent instructions. 39 Ohio Jurisprudence, 807, Section 186;Nelson Business College Co. v. Lloyd,
It seems to us that in a situation of the kind before us the question of trespass or license is one for the triers of the facts. 63 Corpus Juris, 1029, Section 218; Gratz v. McKee (C. C. A. 8),
If a jury should find the defendant's employee was a licensee, its verdict would be for the defendant under the pleadings; if it should find him a trespasser and that his trespass was a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries, then the plaintiff should prevail and would be entitled to recover such damages as were suffered as a direct result of the fall.
Plaintiff insists that she had a right to go to the jury on the issue of negligence, as originally pleaded, and that this court should now go back and affirm the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas as rendered on the first trial of the action. In view of what has transpired, it may have been that the court ought to have admitted the case on the initial motion to certify; but it did not, and the only judgment now before us for consideration is the one rendered by the Court of Appeals on its last review of the cause, based on the record before it.
While a case in this court on its merits is here for determination on all questions presented by the record (Chicago Ornamental Iron Co. v. Rook, Admr.,
When, after the first judgment of the Court of Appeals, plaintiff abandoned negligence as a ground for recovery by amending her petition and elected to rely upon trespass, negligence was out of the case. The fact that this court overruled the motions to certify did not necessarily imply that it approved the judgments of the Court of Appeals. It should be understood that the overruling of a motion to certify the record does not constitute an affirmance of the judgment of the Court of Appeals, but is indicative that the court does not consider the controversy one of public or great general interest within the meaning of Sections
From what has been said, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the cause remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
Judgment reversed.
WEYGANDT, C.J., MATTHIAS, HART and TURNER, JJ., concur.
BELL, J., concurs in paragraph three of the syllabus and in the judgment, but dissents from paragraphs one and two of the syllabus.
WILLIAMS, J., concurs in paragraphs two and three of the syllabus, but dissents from the judgment upon the ground that the defendant committed a trespass as a matter of law.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the judgment in this case, but since there has been such a contrariety of opinion upon the part of the courts as to the basis of *170 liability or non-liability for judgments heretofore rendered herein, I am constrained to give my reasons for concurrence in the present judgment of this court.
At common law trespass originally had to do with a forcible and wrongful invasion of the right of possession of real estate. Later the action of trespass was available to recover compensation for damage directly done by violence, whether such damage is in the form of injury to persons or is done to land, or consists of the asportation of chattels. The force element was always conspicuous and made trespass a semi-criminal wrong. It was not applied to consequential damages which flowed from the invasion of another's possessory rights in real estate which was not accompanied with force. For this latter type of injury the common law invented a writ known as "trespass on the case" which was applied to all tortious acts other than trespass in which force was a necessary element. The classical illustration of this distinction was made by Fortesque, J., in the case of Reynolds v. Clarke (1725), 1 Strange, 634, 93 Eng. Rep. R., 747, when he said:
"If a man throws a log into the highway, and in that act it hits me, I may maintain trespass, because it is an immediate wrong; but if as it lies there I tumble over it, and receive an injury, I must bring an action upon the case, because it is only prejudicial in consequence." See, also, Scott, an Infant, v. Shepherd, an Infant (1722), 2 Black. W., 892, 3 Wils C. Pl., 403, 96 Eng. Rep. R., 525 (the famous squib case.)
For intentional injury done by the direct application of force a person is absolutely liable; and for injury done by the direct application of force under such circumstances that the law can ascribe to the actor an intention to do harm, he is also absolutely liable, and this is true regardless of whether he is or is not a trespasser at the time of the wrongful act.
The extent of liability of a person for consequential *171
injuries which flow directly from his acts while on the premises of another depends upon his status in relation to such premises at the time of injury. One who becomes an intentional trespasser on the land of another even though his entry is due to negligence or ignorance on his part is guilty of an unprivileged intrusion. Because of his wrongful entry, he is liable notwithstanding the exercise of due care while thereon, not only for damages to the premises (1 Restatement of Torts, 359, Section 158; Reynolds v. Clarke, supra; Wyant v. Crouse,
"A trespasser on land is subject to liability for bodily harm caused to the possessor thereof or to members of his household by any act done, activity carried on or condition created by the trespasser while upon the land irrespective of whether the trespasser's conduct is such as would subject him to liability were he not a trespasser."
In further explanation, comment c on this section says:
"It is * * * not necessary to the liability of the trespasser that his conduct should be intentionally wrongful or recklessly or negligently disregardful of the interests of the possessor or a member of his household or an activity which, like blasting, is so hazardous that it must be carried on at the risk of answering for harm however caused by it. Thus, one who trespasses upon the land of another incurs the risk of becoming liable for any bodily harm which is caused to *172 the possessor of the land or to members of his household by any conduct of the trespasser during the continuance of his trespass no matter how otherwise innocent such conduct may be."
By inaccurate nomenclature this type of wrong and the action by which it is redressed is still denominated trespass under our modern law. It is recognized and illustrated in the following cases: Watson v. Dilts,
The case last cited is a typical example of the rule just stated. A salesman for the defendants called at the store of Brabazon, one of the plaintiffs, to introduce a new kind of fly spray. While such salesman was giving a demonstration in the rear of the store, the wife of the store owner, the other plaintiff, who was clerking in the front of the store, became aware of the odor of the fly spray and in attempting to stop the demonstration, she inhaled some of the vapor which contained a chemical to which she was allergic, and as a result she became ill. There was some contention as to whether the defendant's servant had permission to demonstrate the fly spray at the time when and in the part of the store where he made the demonstration. There was a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff but the Supreme Court reversed the judgment because of an erroneous charge of the trial court to the effect that the defendant must show permission to make the demonstration, whereas the reviewing court held that there was an implied license to make the demonstration *173 unless the store owner revoked the privilege before the demonstration was actually made. The court held that if the jury, on retrial, should find that the license had been revoked before the demonstration was made, then the making of the demonstration was an abuse of the privilege and by reason of the abuse the plaintiffs would be entitled to recover for damages sustained as a result thereof.
But liability may attach to a licensee for negligent conduct while in the enjoyment of his license which results in injury to another upon the premises. 1 Restatement of Torts, 405, Section 167, comment g. See, also, Keithley v. Hettinger,
In my judgment a claim of liability of the defendant in this case might be predicated on one of two possible theories — first, that the bodily injury of the plaintiff was the result of the acts of defendant's servant while a trespasser; or second, that even though defendant's servant was a licensee, he acted negligently and that such negligence proximately caused the injury. In this connection I am expressing no opinion as to whether negligence, as a basis of liability in this case, is still available, or whether it has been waived by the pleadings or has been foreclosed by the law of the case. See New York Life Ins. Co. v. Hosbrook,
The facts in this case as to the status of the defendant's servant in relation to the home of plaintiff's parents at the time of the accident, that is whether he was a trespasser or licensee, are practically undisputed. Generally where ultimate facts are undisputed a question of law is presented for the court. Schickling, an infant, v. Post Publishing Co.,
Such a situation is here presented and this is forcibly demonstrated by the diversity of holdings and judgments of the various courts which heard this case, the details of which are fully set out in the statement of facts. Under such circumstances, the question of the status of defendant's servant is one for a jury. I concur in the reversal of the judgment and a remand for new trial.