82 Mass. 545
Mass.
1860
Hoar, J.

The argument for the plaintiff has limited the range of inquiry upon her right to maintain this bill within a very narrow compass. It is expressly admitted that she has no copyright, and can have none, in the play in question, and that nothing has been done by the defendant, which is a violation of the general statute of copyright. Nor does the plaintiff profess to show herself entitled to any protection under the U. S. St. of 1856, c. 169, known as the dramatic copyright act. She “ rests her case solely upon her common law right of property in a literary production.” What this common law right is, and whether the case made by the bill shows a violation of it, are the questions for decision by the court upon the demurrer.

Notwithstanding the ingenious and interesting argument for the defendant, derived from the principles and ideas of the Puritan founders of The Commonwealth, we can entertain no doubt that a dramatic composition is equally under the protection of law with, any other literary work. Courts will not in*549terfere to vindicate the claims of any party to the exclusive enjoyment or disposal of an immoral or licentious production; but the particular application once made of this rule of the common law, in conformity with the peculiar opinions, sentiments or prejudices of one generation of men, will not control its application in a state of society where different views prevail. If our ancestors prohibited all scenic exhibitions, it was because they regarded them as immoral and pernicious. If we do not so regard them, the reason ceasing, the rule ceases with it.

Treating a dramatic work, therefore, as unquestionably the subject of a right of property, we find some principles very clearly settled by a long series of English and American decisions, which have been recognized by the counsel on both sides as lying at the foundation of this discussion.

An author has at common law a property in his unpublished works, which he may assign, and in the enjoyment of which equity will protect his assignee as well as himself. This property continues until, by publication, a right to its use has been conferred upon or dedicated to the public.

The representation of a dramatic work upon the stage is not a publication which will deprive the author or his assignee of this right of property.

While the performance of a play is not a publication which will prevent its proprietors from obtaining a copyright, or interfere with his right to resist its unauthorized publication by another, it has been settled that a play, once published by its author, may be represented on the stage by any person, without infringement upon the author’s rights. This is still the rule of law, except in the cases provided for in England by the St. of 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 15, and subsequently by the St. of 5 & 6 Vict. 45; and in the United States by the U. S. St. of 1856, c. 169. And no case has been cited, nor are we aware that any exists, in England or America, in which the representation of a play has been restrained by injunction, where no copyright had been acquired, and where the proprietor had permitted its public representation for money, except the case of Morris v. Kelly, 1 Jac. & Walk. 481. That case was heard ex parte by Lord Eldon, and *550the report does not show the grounds upon which the injunction was asked or granted. Unless it proceeded upon an allegation of the use of a surreptitious copy of the work, it seemto be impossible to reconcile it with the earlier case of Coleman v. Wathen, 5 T. R. 245; or with the subsequent decision in Murray v. Elliston, 5 B.& Ald. 657. In both of these cases the plaintiff was the owner of a copyright of the play, and yet its representation upon the stage was held to be no violation of his rights.

The precise question which the case at bar presents has never been determined, so far as we are aware, in any reported case. But it has been discussed with great learning and ability in a recent case in the circuit court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, in which the opinion was given by Judge Cadwalader. Keene v. Wheatley, 9 Amer. Law Reg. 33. The doctrine there stated, and which seems to us supported by the reasonings and analogies derived from the whole current of authorities, is briefly this: The sole proprietorship of an author’s manuscript, and of its incorporeal contents wherever copies exist, is, independently of legislation, in himself and his assigns until he publishes it. An unqualified publication, such as is made by printing and offering copies for sale, dedicates the contents to the public, except so far as protection is continued by the statutes of copyright. But there may be a limited publication, by communication of the contents of the work by reading, representation, or restricted private circulation, which will not abridge the right of the author to the control of his work, any farther than necessarily results from the nature and extent of this limited use which he has made, or allowed to be made of it. And, in the absence of legislation, when a literary proprietor has made a publication in any mode not restricted by any condition, other persons acquire unlimited rights of republishing in any modes in which his publication may enable them to republish ; so that the literary proprietor of an unprinted play cannot, after making or sanctioning its representation before an indiscriminate audience, maintain an objection to any such literary or dramatic republi*551cation by others as they may be enabled, either directly or secondarily, to make from its having been retained in the memory of any of the audience. In other words, the public acquire a right to the extent of the dedication, whether complete or partial, which the proprietor has made of it to the public.

These principles sustain the demurrer to the plaintiff’s bill. She has publicly represented the play, Our American Cousin, before audiences consisting of all persons who chose to pay the price charged for admission to her theatre. She has employed actors to commit the various parts to memory; and unless they are restrained by some contract, express or implied, we can perceive no legal reason why they might not repeat what they have learned, before different audiences, and in various places. If persons, by frequent attendance at her theatre, have committed to memory any part or the whole of the play, they have a right to repeat what they heard to others. We know of no right of property in gestures, tones, or scenery, which would forbid such reproduction of them by the spectators as their powers of imitation might enable them to accomplish.

The counsel for the plaintiff, in their argument, have laid much stress upon the allegation that the defendant has availed himself of a surreptitious copy of the manuscript of the play. But there is no such allegation in the bill, and no such fact is admitted by the demurrer.

It should perhaps be added, to avoid misconstruction, that we do not intend in this decision to intimate that there is any right to report, phonographically or otherwise, a lecture or other written discourse, which its author delivers before a public audience, and which he desires again to use in like manner for his own profit, and to publish it without his consent, or to make any use of a copy thus obtained. The student who attends a medical lecture may have a perfect right to remember as much as he can, and afterward to use the information thus acquired in his own medical practice, or to communicate it to students or classes of his own, without involving the right to commit the lecture to writing, for the purpose of subsequent publication in print, or by oral delivery. So any one of the audience at a *552concert or opera may play a tune which his ear has enabled him to catch, or sing a song which he may carry away in his memory, for his own entertainment or that of others, for compensation or gratuitously, while he would have no right to copy or publish the musical composition. We found our opinion wholly upon the doctrine that there is nothing in the plaintiff’s bill to show that the defendant has done anything beyond that which the limited dedication of the plaintiff’s property to the public authorized him to do; and our decision goes no further than to hold, that the representation by the defendant of a dramatic work, of which the proprietor has no copyright, and which she had previously caused to be publicly represented and exhibited for money, is no violation of any right of property, although done without license from such proprietor, and as it does not appear to have been done in violation of any contract or trust, cannot be restrained by injunction.

Demurrer sustained.