03-2628 | 3rd Cir. | Jul 19, 2005
Lead Opinion
OPINION
Harry Kay appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of his employer, Independence Blue Cross (“IBC”), in the action Kay brought alleging sexual discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 11964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”). Although our analysis differs from the approach taken by the district court, we will affirm the grant of summary judgment to IBC.
I.
Since we write primarily for the parties, it is not necessary to recite the facts of this case except insofar as may be helpful to our brief discussion.
Title VII prohibits an employer from harassing an employee “because of [the employee’s] sex.” Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1998-03-04" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/oncale-v-sundowner-offshore-services-inc-118181?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="118181">523 U.S. 75, 78, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998). However, Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. Bibby v. Phila. Coca Cola Bottling Company, 260 F.3d 257" court="3rd Cir." date_filed="2001-08-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/bibby-v-phila-coca-cola-bottling-co-3011612?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3011612">260 F.3d 257, 261 (3d Cir.2001) (internal citations omitted). Nevertheless, we have suggested that evidence of harassment may constitute illegal discrimination under Title VII if a plaintiff can prove that the harasser’s conduct was motivated by a belief that the victim did not conform to gender stereotypes. Id. at 262-63 (internal citations omitted). The theory is based upon the analysis in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1989-05-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/price-waterhouse-v-hopkins-112252?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="112252">490 U.S. 228, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104
Relying on Price Waterhouse, the court in Nichols v. Azteca Restaurant Enterprises, Inc., 256 F.3d 864" court="9th Cir." date_filed="2001-07-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/michelle-nichols-v-azteca-restaurant-enterprises-773995?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="773995">256 F.3d 864 (9th Cir.2001), held that a plaintiff had been impermissibly discriminated against on the basis of gender where the plaintiff claimed he was harassed because he was effeminate and failed to conform to male stereotypes. There, the court found that the harassment at issue was closely linked to gender because the plaintiffs harassers discriminated against him for being “too feminine.” Similarly, Kay argues that the harassing conduct of his coworkers satisfies the elements of Title VII because it was based upon an alleged perception that he was too feminine.
Indeed, two of the incidents that Kay endured at IBC arguably implicated gender stereotypes. The photocopied flyer for a gay phone line that was left in Kay’s mailbox contained a typed line of text that read: “A real man in the corporate world would not come to work with an earring in his ear. But I guess you will never be a ‘real man’!!!!!!” In addition, one of Kay’s co-workers, Donna Bennett, referring to another employee who was replacing a water bottle on a cooler, commented, in front of Kay, “I’m glad that there’s a real man on the floor.”
To state a claim for gender harassment under Title VII based on conduct by coworkers, Kay must establish: (1) that he suffered from intentional discrimination because of his gender; (2) that the discrimination was pervasive and regular; (3) that the discrimination detrimentally affected him; (4) that the discrimination would have detrimentally affected a reasonable person of the same gender in that position; and (5) the existence of respondeat superior liability. Weston v. Pennsylvania, 251 F.3d 420" court="3rd Cir." date_filed="2001-05-22" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/weston-v-pennsylvania-3011670?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3011670">251 F.3d 420, 426 (3d Cir.2001).
Assuming arguendo that gender stereotyping can constitute sex discrimination under Title VII, we must still consider “any stereotypical statements within the context of all of the evidence of harassment, and then determine whether the evidence as a whole creates a reasonable inference that the plaintiff was discriminated against because of his sex.” Spearman v. Ford Motor Company, 231 F.3d 1080" court="7th Cir." date_filed="2000-11-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/edison-k-spearman-v-ford-motor-company-771038?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="771038">231 F.3d 1080, 1085 (7th Cir.2000). Thus, these two incidents must be viewed in the broader context of the harassment alleged by Kay. When viewed in this context, this record clearly demonstrates that the harassment was based on perceived sexual orientation, rather than gender.
The record contains multiple references to Kay’s sexual orientation. In his deposition testimony, when asked why he thought his co-worker (Foley) had mimicked a limp wrist, Kay responded, “Well, maybe it was because [Foley] knows that [Butts] is gay. And anyone that hangs out with the gay men must be gay.” In addition, Kay stated several times during administrative proceedings related to charges he filed with the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission, that he was harassed because of his sexual orientation. He also told the representative responsible for ensuring his long-term disability benefits that he was harassed based on sexual orientation.
That allegation of bias based upon his perceived sexual orientation is consistent with the record here. For example, Kay reports overhearing a co-worker state “Did you see that fag that moved up on the floor yesterday?” He also reports being told: ‘You are just so gay,” by the same
Moreover, Donna Bennett’s reference to a “real man” was accompanied by: “You are just so gay.” Similarly, the anonymous statement: “A real man in the corporate world would not come to work with an earring in his ear. But I guess you will never be a ‘real man’!!!!!!;” was typed at the bottom of a flier for a gay sex phone line. Thus, we think it clear that Kay’s claim is based upon discrimination that is motivated by perceived sexual orientation. Furthermore, even assuming arguendo that the “real man” flier, and Bennett’s crude comments can be interpreted as gender-stereotyping and that we would hold such discrimination actionable.
. We may affirm the decision of the district court for any reason that appears proper on the record, even if the district court did not base its decision on that rationale. See United States v. Miller, 224 F.3d 247" court="3rd Cir." date_filed="2000-08-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-jonathan-miller-aka-wacky-jack-jonathan-miller-770123?utm_source=webapp" jack"="" jonathan="" miller"="" opinion_id="770123" wacky="">224 F.3d 247, 248 (3d Cir. 2000).
. Our review of the district court’s grant of summary judgment is plenary. Doe v. County of Centre, Pa., 242 F.3d 437" court="3rd Cir." date_filed="2001-03-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/doe-v-county-of-centre-pa-3011742?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3011742">242 F.3d 437, 446 (3d Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is appropriate when the record discloses no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1986-06-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/anderson-v-liberty-lobby-inc-111719?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="111719">477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S. Ct. 2505" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1986-06-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/anderson-v-liberty-lobby-inc-111719?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="111719">106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
. See Bibby, 260 F.3d 257" court="3rd Cir." date_filed="2001-08-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/bibby-v-phila-coca-cola-bottling-co-3011612?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3011612">260 F.3d at 263 n. 5 (discussing the gender stereotype theory of liability as upheld in Doe v. City of Belleville, 119 F.3d 563" court="7th Cir." date_filed="1997-07-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/74-fair-emplpraccas-bna-625-v-city-of-belleville-744105?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="744105">119 F.3d 563 (7th Cir. 1997)).
. Although we affirm the grant of summary judgment, we emphasize the our holding should not be interpreted to minimize the seriousness of Kay's allegations. As we stated above, the conduct kay alleges is nothing short of reprehensible and we would hope that no employer would knowingly tolerate the work environment that Kay claims he had to endure. However, our reach is limited by the scope of Title VII. Absent amendment by Congress, Title VII does not include a cause of action for discrimination based upon sexual preference. We have previously noted that "Congress has repeatedly rejected legislation that would have extended title VII to cover sexual orientation.” Bibby, 260 F.3d 257" court="3rd Cir." date_filed="2001-08-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/bibby-v-phila-coca-cola-bottling-co-3011612?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3011612">260 F.3d at 261.
Concurrence Opinion
(Concurring Opinion).
Given the fact that the District Court concluded that gender stereotyping did occur in this case, I would not have seized upon a failure to prove gender stereotyping as our reasoning in this case. The line between discrimination based upon gender stereotyping and that based upon sexual orientation is difficult to draw and in this case some of the complained of conduct arguably fits within both rubrics. Therefore, I would have resolved this case based upon Kay’s failure to prove that his coworkers’ discriminatory acts were “pervasive and regular” under the strict standard set forth by the Supreme Court in Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993). Here, the co-workers’ discriminatory conduct was sporadic at best.