Katie Whitworth v. Mark KlingKatie Whitworth v. Mark Kling
KOBES, Circuit Judge.
After an off-duty police K9 bit Katie Whitworth, she sued Corporal Mark Kling for negligence and for violating her constitutional rights. She also sued the City of Bryant, Arkansas, under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). The district court1 granted Corporal Kling and the City summary
I.
The material facts are undisputed. Whitworth was visiting Corporal Kling‘s house while he and Dutch, his K9, played fetch in the backyard. She and Corporal Kling‘s fiancée, Rachelle Stewart, left the house through the back door. Seeing Whitworth outside, Corporal Kling told Stewart that they needed to leave because Dutch was out. What happened next took only seconds.
Corporal Kling ordered Dutch to his kennel, and he initially obeyed. But then someone laughed. Dutch turned, eyed Whitworth, and charged. Too far away to collar him, Corporal Kling repeatedly commanded Dutch to disengage. Defiant, Dutch bit Whitworth‘s arm. Corporal Kling ran to Whitworth‘s aid and pried the K9 off her, redirected his attention to a tennis ball, and secured him in his kennel. Corporal Kling then tended to Whitworth‘s wounds and went with her to the hospital.
Whitworth sued for negligence in Arkansas state court. She amended her complaint to sue the City and Corporal Kling for, as relevant here, excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment and Arkansas‘s constitutional equivalent,
The district court granted summary judgment on the constitutional claims, reasoning that Whitworth was not seized within the meaning of either the state or federal constitution. It then declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
II.
We review the district court‘s grant of summary judgment de novo and examine the record in the light most favorable to Whitworth. Est. of Brown v. West, 76 F.4th 1078, 1080 (8th Cir. 2023). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
An essential element of Whitworth‘s excessive force claims is that Corporal Kling “seized” her within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and Arkansas‘s constitutional equivalent.2 See Moore v. Indehar, 514 F.3d 756, 759 (8th Cir. 2008). A seizure “can take the form of physical force or a show of authority that in some way restrains the liberty of the person.” Torres v. Madrid, 592 U.S. 306, 311 (2021) (cleaned up) (citation omitted). It “requires the use of force with intent to restrain,” id. at 317, which necessarily excludes “an unknowing act,” Brower v. Cnty. of Inyo, 489 U.S. 593, 596 (1989). Simply put, “[a]ccidental force will not qualify.” Torres, 592 U.S. at 317.
Whitworth argues that a K9‘s accidental bite is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Our sister circuit rejected a similar argument in Dunigan v. Noble, 390 F.3d 486 (6th Cir. 2004). There, a K9 called Kojak was searching for
We reach the same conclusion here. This incident bears all the hallmarks of accidental force. Dutch was playing fetch outside; had no command to bite, apprehend, find, or track Whitworth or anyone else; had a “spontaneous response” to laughter; ignored Corporal Kling‘s commands to disengage; and was quickly restrained and refocused after the bite. Because Corporal Kling did not seize Whitworth “through means intentionally applied,” Whitworth can‘t prove an essential element of her state and federal excessive force claims, so the district court properly granted summary judgment to Corporal Kling.
Whitworth also claims that the City is liable under Monell. Because Corporal Kling‘s actions do not implicate the Fourth Amendment, the district court properly granted summary judgment to the City on Whitworth‘s Monell claim. See Webb v. City of Maplewood, 889 F.3d 483, 486-87 (8th Cir. 2018).
III.
As the district court observed, “This is really a negligence case.” That claim belongs in state court. We affirm.