Kasishke v. Frank (In Re Frank)Kasishke v. Frank (In Re Frank)
OPINION AND ORDER REGARDING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
INTRODUCTION AND JURISDICTION
Prior to filing a voluntary chapter 7 bankruptcy petition, Debtor-Defendant Thomas A. Frank and Plaintiff James D. Kasishke were the only two shareholders in Landtec, Inc. (“Landtec”), each holding half of the company’s shares. The relationship between the two shareholders soured after Mr. Kasishke came to believe that Mr. Frank was looting Landtec for his own personal benefit, and the benefit of Mr. Frank’s limited liability compаny, Water Management LLC. Mr. Kasishke commenced suit in the Van Burén County Circuit Court, seeking relief from the alleged misfeasance and malfeasance in connection with Landtec.
The state court entered judgment against Mr. Frank and Landtec on January 28, 2008 (the “Judgment”). The parties agree that the Judgment is not a “true default judgment” because the defendants joined issue by answering Mr. Kasishke’s state court complaint.
After Mr. Frank filed for bаnkruptcy relief, Mr. Kasishke filed a complaint to except the Judgment debt from discharge, and has since moved for summary judgment premised upon the Judgment’s collateral estoppel effect. The court reviewed Mr. Kasishke’s motion (DN 10, the “Motion”) and supporting brief, and Mr. Frank’s response (DN 12, the “Response”), and heard oral argument on February 17, 2010 in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
The court has jurisdiction to decide this matter undеr 28 U.S.C. § 1334, and the adversary proceeding is a “core proceeding” under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(I), within the District Court’s automatic referral under 28 U.S.C. § 157(a) and LCivR 83.2(a).
UNDISPUTED FACTS
The following statement of undisputed facts is drawn from the Motion, its exhibits, and the Response. On November 8, 2006, Mr. Kasishke filed suit in Van Burén County Circuit Court against Mr. Frank, Landtec, and Water Management, LLC (the “State Court Defendants”). The state court complaint asserted several counts including negligence, statutory
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and common law conversion, and shareholder oppression.
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PI. Mot. Exh. 1. Be
In August 2007, however, the state court permitted the State Court Defendants’ counsel to withdraw from representation. PL Mot. Exh. 6. From that point forward, the State Court Defendants failed to participate in the lawsuit, and on Januаry 28, 2008, the state court entered the Judgment as a sanction against Mr. Frank and Land-tec. 3 PI. Mot. Exh. 8. On January 31, 2009, Mr. Frank filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. Mr. Kasishke timely filed a Complaint Seeking Determination of Nondischargeability of Debt pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) and (6) on June 1, 2009.
For present purposes, the complaint on which the state court entered its Judgment included the following significant allegations:
• Mr. Kasishke and Mr. Frank are the only two shareholders of Landtec, each owning 50% of Landtec’s issued and outstanding stock;
• Mr. Frank is the president and treasurer of Landtec; Mr. Kasishke is the secretary and vice president;
• Mr. Frank used Landtec’s equipment, assets, employees, and goodwill for the benefit of Water Management, LLC, without compensating Landtec;
• Mr. Frank diverted money from Land-tec to Water Management LLC;
• Mr. Frank diverted opportunities and business relationships from Landtec to Water Management LLC by using assets and credit of Landtec to purchase equipment for Mr. Frank and/or Water Management LLC;
• Mr. Frank exercised dominion and control over money and property belonging to Landtec in a manner inconsistent with Landtec’s rights as true owner of the property, thereby constituting a conversion;
• Mr. Frank’s actions were “illegal, fraudulent, or willfully unfair and opprеssive” in violation of M.C.L. § 450.1489.
Detecting that Mr. Kasishke might be relying on the issue-preclusive effect of the Judgment in this non-dischargeability proceeding, the court invited an early Rule 56 motion on the issue.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARDS
Summary Judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party establishes that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). “Only disputes over the facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under thе governing law will preclude the entry of summary judgment. Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
THE COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL EFFECT OF THE JUDGMENT
When questions arise regarding the preclusive effect of a state court judgment, the Sixth Circuit requires federal trial courts to “initially determine whether a state court judgment would receive pre-clusive effect in the state where it was rendered.”
Rally Hill Productions, Inc. v. (In re Bursack),
The Michigan Supreme Court has defined collateral estoppel as a doctrine precluding “relitigation of an issue in a subsequent, different cause of action between the same parties where the prior proceeding culminated in a valid, final judgment and the issue was (1) actually litigated and (2) necessarily determined.”
People v. Gates,
Because the Judgment was apparently entered as a discovery sanction rather than an adjudication after trial, Mr. Frank suggests that the issues were not actually litigated. Nеvertheless, federal courts interpreting Michigan law have repeatedly held that when a so-called “default” judgment is entered after a defendant has filed an answer or taken part in the lawsuit, the doctrine of collateral es-toppel is properly applied, and the issues in the state court case should be regarded as “actually litigated.”
See Building Communications, Inc. v. Rahaim (In re Rahaim),
Moreover, Michigan law would treat Mr. Frank’s default as an admission of well-pleaded factual allegations:
In Michigan, it is an established principle that “a default settles the question of liability as to well-pleaded allegations and precludes the defaulting party from litigating that issue.” Wood v. DAIIE,413 Mich. 573 , 578,321 N.W.2d 653 (1982); see also American Central Corp. v. Stevens Van Lines, Inc.,103 Mich.App. 507 , 512,303 N.W.2d 234 (1981) (“Entry of a default is equivalent to an admission by the defaulting party as to all well-plеaded allegations.”).
Kalamazoo Oil Co. v. Boerman,
The remaining question, then, is whether these issues involving Mr. Frank’s actions were “necessarily determined” for purposes of Michigan’s collateral estoppel rules. “An issue is necessarily determined only if it is essential to the judgment.”
Gates,
In the present case, the Judgment did not identify any particular count from the state court complaint, and in a sense is premised on alternative grounds. Some of these grounds would support an order excepting the underlying debt from discharge (such as conversion and perhaps shareholder oppression), and some would not (such as negligence and breach of fiduciary duty). In other words, in his state court complaint, Mr. Kasishke asserted intentional torts as well as negligence and breach of fiduciary duty. Either of these causes of action could have independently supported the Judgment, yet only the damages related to an intentional tort could be excepted from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) — the statute at issue in this Motion. Debts for negligence do not survive because the exception to discharge prescribed in § 523(a)(6) “triggers in the lawyer’s mind the category ‘intentional torts,’ as distinguished from negligent or reckless torts.”
Kawaauhau v. Geiger,
For guidance on this difficult issue, the court consulted the first and second Restatements of the law of judgments.
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Ac
The drafters of the first Restatement considered the preclusive effect of a judgment premised on alternative grounds and concluded that “[wjhere the judgment is based upon the matters litigated as alternative grounds, the judgment is determinative on both grounds, although either alone would have been sufficient to support the judgment.” Restatement (First) of Judgments § 68, Cmt.
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(1942). Significantly, this conclusion has found favor in
Sheldon Company Profit Sharing Plan and Trust v. Smith,
Most significantly, the Michigan Supreme Cоurt apparently favors the first Restatement’s formulation, observing that “if the trial court rests its judgment on two grounds, each of which is independently adequate to support it, the judgment is conclusive as to both ...”
Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 1564, AFL-CIO v. Southeastern Michigan Transportation Authority,
Although the Sixth Circuit has not adopted either Restatement rule, it has observed that “where ... one ground for the decision is clearly primary and thе other only secondary, the secondary ground is not ‘necessary to the outcome’ for the purpose of issue preclusion.”
National Satellite Sports v. Eliadis,
[T]he First Restatement Rule represents the better-reasoned rule because it is consistent with the purposes of collateral estoppel. Thus we hold that collateral estoppel extends to alternate grounds for a prior decision.
Dobrowski v. Jay Dee Contractors, Inc.,
Because the court finds, as a matter of Michigan law, that each count of the state court comрlaint was actually litigated and necessarily determined, the factual dispute that Mr. Frank’s counsel attempted to raise by citing
Montgomery v. Kurtz (In re Kurtz),
While Mr. Kasishke’s state court complaint alleged shareholder oppression pursuant to M.C.L. § 450.1489, common law conversion, and statutory conversion, the bankruptcy court complaint asserts fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), 6 and willful and malicious injury under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). Both counts admittedly involve Mr. Frank’s activities as they relate to the property of Landtec (PL Mot. at pg. 5, ¶ 29), and both counts assert causes of action that belong directly to Landtec and to some extent derivatively to Mr. Kasishke. For this reason, at the pretrial conference and again at oral argument on the Motion, the court questioned Mr. Kasishke’s standing to assert a right to relief for wrongs Mr. Frank committed against Landtec. In response, Mr. Kasishke’s counsel pointed to the Michigan shareholder oppression and statutory conversion statutes because Mr. Kasishke is a shareholder who has suffered harm by Mr. Frank’s looting of Landtec.
Although the court is not inclined to construe M.C.L. § 600.2919a (statutory conversion) as conferring standing upon shareholders to sue for wrongs done to the corporations in which they are interested, the court need not decide that issue because Michigan’s shareholdеr oppression statute most certainly does expand such standing. Indeed, the shareholder oppression statute authorizes a shareholder in a closely held corporation 7 to bring suit “to establish that the acts of the directors or those in control of the corporation are illegal, fraudulent, or willfully unfair and oppressive to the corporation or to the shareholder.” See M.C.L. § 450.1489(1) (emphasis added). Moreover, because the state court entered the Judgment in Mr. Kasishke’s favor, it necessarily determined his standing. In any event, there is no dispute in this proceeding that Mr. Ka-sishke is the judgment creditor with respect to the Judgment, and therefore has a personal stake in the outcome of this adversary proceeding.
At oral argument Mr. Frank argued that Mr. Kasishke initially asked the state court to award $25,000.00 in damages, but instead awarded $419,074.85 plus interest — -an amount exceeding the prayer
As noted above, the Judgment nеcessarily determined that Mr. Frank diverted Landtec’s money and other property (including the items enumerated in the state court Complaint) for his own benefit, at the expense of Landtec and Mr. Ka-sishke. Conversion of property clearly falls within the misdeeds contemplated in 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) — willful and malicious injury to persons or property. For these wrongs, the state court awarded Mr. Kasishke a judgment in the amount of $419,074.85, plus interest. For the reasons given in this opinion, that Judgment is entitled to issue-preclusive effect, and warrants a declaration from this court that the debt represented by the Judgment should be excepted from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). 8
CONCLUSION
The court does not relish declaring that the Judgment, representing $419,074.85 in debt, is excepted from discharge, particularly given the nature of the Judgment as a sanction for failure to participate fully in the state court proceedings. Nevertheless, the federal interest in affording a debtor a fresh start must yield, from time to time, to other policies, including in this case the policy expressed in the Full Faith and Credit Statute and the policy choices Michigan courts have made regarding the preclusive effect of their judgments.
Because Mr. Kasishke already holds a money judgment from the Van Burén County Circuit Court, the judgment to be entered in this adversary proceeding will simply declare that the state court’s Judgment is excepted from discharge. In other words, if Mr. Kasishke decides to enforce his rights as a judgment creditor, he will be enforcing a Michigan judgment in Michigan’s courts.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion (DN 10) is GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk shall enter a separate judgment in accord with Rule 58, declaring that the debt represented by the Judgment is excepted from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk shall serve a copy of this Opinion
Notes
. Statutory conversion refers to a cause of action under M.C.L. § 600.2919a, which provides that a person damaged by “another person’s stealing or embezzling property or converting property to the other person’s own use may recover three times the amount of actual damages sustained, рlus costs and reasonable attorney fees.”
. A shareholder may bring an action to establish that the acts of those in control of a
. Even though the caption of the Order Granting Plaintiff's Motion for Entry of a Default and Default Judgment Against Defendants names Water Management, LLC, the body of the order awards a default judgment against Mr. Frank and Landtec only.
. Whenever state law supplies the rule of decision, a federal court must apply the state law in accordance with the controlling decisions of the state supreme court.
Allstate Insurance Co. v. Thrifty Rent-A-Car Systems, Inc.,
. The Restatements, of course, are not controlling statements of law, but rather useful summaries and research aids. Michigan’s Supreme Court, аs noted above, has the last word on the preclusive effect of Michigan judgments.
. Mr. Kasishke did not seek summary judgment as to this count perhaps given doubts about establishing a "technical trust,” as precedent requires.
Patel v. Shamrock Floorcovering Services, Inc. (In re Patel),
. The statute does not authorize such suits by shareholders whose shares are "listed on a national securities exchange or regularly traded in а market maintained by 1 or more members of a national or affiliated securities association.” M.C.L. § 450.1489(2).
. Because the court concludes that the Judgment establishes, by collateral estoppel, that Mr. Frank converted Landtec’s property, the court need not decide the more general question of whether "willfully unfair and oppressive conduct” as defined in M.C.L. § 450.1489(3) would invariably equate to "willful and malicious injury” within the scope of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). In the present case, the alternative ground of conversion will suffice.