Its motion for a change of venue having been denied, defendant corporation petitions for a writ of mandate directing trial оf the case to be had in the proper court.
The pleadings disclose that plaintiff, a dealer in mobile homes, brought this action for breach of contract in the Superior Court of Contra Costa County against defendant manufacturer of mobile homes.
Plaintiff alleges that it placed four separate verbal orders with defendant for mobile homes for customers of plaintiff, all of which were accepted by defendant, and that defendant thereafter “wrongfully, and without just cause or provocation, cancеlled said orders and breached its agreements with plaintiff. ’ ’
Defendant corporation in due time made a motion under Code of Civil Prоcedure, sections 396b and 397, subdivision 1, for change of venue from Contra Costa County to San Bernardino County, where it has its principal place of business, on the ground that Contra Costa County was not one of the five permissible places where a defendant corporation may be sued under California Constitution, article XII, section 16. Defendant simultaneously filed an affidavit in support of the motion, and a demurrer alleging that the complaint did not set forth a cause of action (oral contract for-sale of goods over $500). Plaintiff, real party in interest in this action, filed the counteraffidavit of its vice-president and a copy of a letter from the salеs manager of defendant which plaintiff contends operated as an anticipatory breach of the contract.
By order of February 26,1969, motion for a change of venue was denied and the demurrer sustained.
In California there are five potential cоunties of proper venue for contract actions against a corporation: (1) where the contract is made; (2) wherе the contract is to be performed; (3) where the obligation or liability arises; (4) where the breach occurs-, (5) where the principal place of business of suсh corporation is situated. (Cal. Const., art. XII, § 16; 1 Chadbourn, Grossman, Van Alstyne, Cal. Pleading, § 334.)
Under the constitutional section, plaintiff has a choice of bringing his action in
any
county that will satisfy any of the provisions of this section.
(Smith
v.
Stanford Research Institute
(1963)
Defendant’s affidavit effectively negated four of the five possible choices of venue, аnd defendant relies upon the allegations of the verified complaint in support of its contention that the breach occurred in San Bernardino County. Plaintiff’s counteraffidavit and authorities are limited to the last possibility, that the breach of the contract occurred in Contra Costa County. Plaintiff contends that the letter from defendant’s sales manager to plaintiff, posted in San Bernardino County, canceling the сontracts, was an anticipatory breach of the contract and “ [S]uch cancellation, although amounting to a repudiаtion of the contracts, did not cause a breach in San Bernardino County. ...” Plaintiff argues that the repudiation of the contract сould not be complete until acted upon, that plaintiff elected to treat the contract at an end, and the election was exercised in Contra Costa County.
The doсtrine of anticipatory breach is well established in California.
(Alder
v.
Drudis
(1947)
Assuming that the repudiation contained in the letter can be construed as an anticipatory breach, the quеstion for us to determine is: when and where does such a repudiation become operative as a breach for venue рurposes ?
Plaintiff’s contention is that an anticipatory repudiation is not a breach until it is accepted as such by the injured party, and that plaintiff elected to treat the repudiation as a breach after the letter arrived in Contra Costa County; defendаnt’s contention is that the breach occurred when the letter was mailed in San Bernardino County.
This is a matter of first impression in California. The authorities relied on by plaintiff are not applicable.
The Restatement of Contracts, section 321, reads as follows:
‘‘ Statеments of repudiation in a letter mailed or telegram sent to a promisee or other person having a right under a contract *10 which if made orally would be a breach of contract constitute a breach as of the time when and the place where the letter or telegram is dispatched. ’ ’
4 Corbin on Contracts, section 980, page 934, agrees with section 321 of the Restatement of Cоntracts, and expressly disapproves of the theory raised by plaintiff that the court should apply the principles of formation of a contract to evidence relating to a breach, stating: ‘ ‘ The erroneous idea that an anticipatory repudiation is not a breach until it is accepted as such by the other party came into existence by confusing such repudiation with an offer.” Corbin goes on to state, in section 981 at page 938: “In a number of well-considered recent cases, this doctrine that an anticipatory repudiation is not a breach until it is accepted as such by the injured party has been repudiated. Their reasoning is convincing and they should now be accepted as having established the law.” (See also Corbin, § 988.)
11 Williston on Contracts (3d ed. 1968), section 1332, resolves the inconsistency by adopting the view that the repudiation is itself a breach, and adopts the Restatеment of Contracts view that repudiation by letter or telegram is a breach “ ‘as of the time when and the place where the letter or telegram is dispatched. ’ ” (P. 174.)
We are of the opinion that the weight of authority and the better reasoned cases supрort the rule that repudiation by letter is a breach at the time when and the place where the letter is dispatched. The only thеory under which venue in Contra Costa County could be had is, therefore, eliminated, and defendant is entitled to a change of venue to the county of its principal place of business.
Let a peremptory writ of mandamus issue directing the respondent court to set aside its entire order of February 26, 1969, and to transfer this action to the Superior Court of San Bernardino County.
Agee, J., and Taylor, J., concurred.