This case is before us for the second time.
See Kakaes v. George Washington Univ.,
I.
Most of the historical facts relevant to the dispute bеtween Dr. Kakaes and the University are set forth in our opinion in
Kakaes I.
Section IV.A.3.1.C of the University’s Faculty Code, which constitutes the contract between the parties,
see Kakaes I,
[a] faculty member of the rank of assistant professor or higher who will not be granted tenure at the end of the final yеar of his or her maximum term of appointment shall be so notified in writing no later than June 30 preceding the year in which his or her appointment will expire.... Any such faculty member who is not so notified shall acquire tenure at the end of the term.
Kakaes I,
The President and I are in the process of transmitting the report of the Executive Committee to the Board of Trustees for its consideration. You will be notified of the outcome as soon as possible.
Id. In a separate letter written on the same date to the Chairman of the EECS department, Vice President French wrote that
*583 [b]y so informing [Dr. Kakaes], the question of [his] ultimate tenuring or termination remains to be resolved.
On October 22, 1993, Dr. Kakaes brought suit against the University for breach of contract, alleging that he had not been provided the timely notice required by the Faculty Code of the decision to deny him tenure.
2
The University filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming that Vice President French’s letter of June 28,1993, constituted the notice contemplated in the Faculty Code. The judge who was then assigned to the case granted the University’s motion. On appeal, however, this court reversed, hоlding that an impartial trier of fact could reasonably find that the University had not complied with the Faculty Code, and that summary judgment was not warranted.
Kakaes I,
On remand, as we have noted, a different trial judge found that the University had breached its contract with Dr. Kakaes, but she declined to order the University to grant him tenure. This appeal followed.
II.
Dr. Kakaes relies on the provision of the Faculty Code quoted at page 2, supra, which states, in pertinent part, that if timely notice has not been given, then “[a]ny such faculty member who is not so notified shall acquire tenure at the end of the term.” Kakaes contends that the contract specifies the remedy for its breach— namely, the award of tenure — and that, by what he considers the рlain language of the contract, he is entitled to specific performance, and therefore to tenure. We do not agree.
We note in the first instance that the provision that the faculty member “shall acquire tenure at the end of the term” need not necessarily be construed as specifying a remedy. A reasonable alternative reading is that the University has contractually obligated itself to grant tenure in such cases, but that the contract does not identify the relief available to a plaintiff in the event that the University brеaches that obligation. Under this construction of the Faculty Code, the trial judge would be entirely justified in awarding monetary damages rather than ordering the University to award Dr. Kakaes tenure. It is “axiomatic” that equitable relief will not be granted where the plaintiff has a complete and adequate remedy at law.
District of Columbia v. Wical Ltd. P’ship,
But even if the contract is construed as specifying a grant of tenure as the remedy for its breach, 3 the result will not be different. The trial judge addressed this issue in some detail:
The plaintiff is not entitled to be reinstatеd as a faculty member at GW, nor *584 is he entitled to the granting of tenure. While plaintiff relies upon Article IV. A.3.I.C. of the Faculty Code, which the court found had been breached, as support for his claim to a position as a tenured professor, plaintiffs argument ignores a substantial body of law disfavoring such a remedy, that is, enforcement of a personal service contract, particularly in the university employment area. Greene v. Howard Univ.,271 F.Supp. 609 , 615 (D.D.C.1967), aff'd in pertinent part, [134 U.S.App.D.C. 81 ,]412 F.2d 1128 (D.C.Cir.1969) (“A contract to hire a teacher may not be enforced by specific performance.”). See also Howard Univ. v. Best,547 A.2d 144 , 146-47, 154 n. 10, 157 (D.C.1988); Tucker v. Warfield, [73 App.D.C. 278 , 280-81 & n. 3,]119 F.2d 12 , 13-14 & n. 3 (D.C.Cir.1941).... “It would be intolerable for the courts to interject themselves and to require an educational institution to hire or maintain on its staff a professor or instructor whom it deemed undesirable and did not wish to employ.” Greene v. Howard Univ.,271 F.Supp. at 615 . Indeed, specifically addressing the issue raised in this case, the D.C. Court of Appeals echoed this view in Howard Univ. v. Best, supra: “The requirement for clear and satisfactory proof of the custom and practice of a University, in determining the reasonable expectations of the parties, reflects public policy concerns that indefinite tenure not occur by default.”547 A.2d at 154 . See also Cusumano v. Ratchford,507 F.2d 980 , 986 (8th Cir.1974), cert. denied,423 U.S. 829 ,96 S.Ct. 48 ,46 L.Ed.2d 46 (1975). (“It cannot serve the public welfare or promote the best interests of the University or its professional staff to have a body of teachers ... the permanent tenures of whom rest upon administrative neglect or oversight ...”) (emphasis added).
(Footnotes omitted.)
Our review of the trial judge’s dеcision not to require the University to grant Dr. Kakaes tenure is deferential. “Specific performance is an extraordinary equitable remedy, the denial or granting of which is within the sound and informed discretion of the trial court.”
Drazin v. Am. Oil Co.,
[t]he Second Restatement of Contracts maintains that parties to a contract cannot vary by agreement the requirement that damages be inadequate in order to obtain equitable relief. Supporting this position are numerous opinions in which courts have stated that a сlause in a contract providing for specific performance or an injunction does not by itself bind a court to grant the agreed remedy.
Edwaed Yorio, Contract Enforcement: Specific Performance and Injunctions, § 19.2.1, at 441 (1989) [hereinafter Contract ENFORCEMENT] (footnоtes omitted). It is true that there has been some scholarly criticism of the courts’ reluctance to grant specific performance where there is an adequate remedy at law; “[some] commentators argue that the parties to a contract arе in a better position than a judge to determine the remedy that serves their respective interests most satisfactorily.” Contract Enforcement, supra, § 19.2.2, at 442 (footnote omitted). We agree in principle that
*585 [i]ndividuals usually benefit when left free to maximize their own interests in negotiating the terms of a contract. But the principle of equitable discretion rests on the premise that courts ought to consider and reflect other interests in devising a system of contract remedies.
§ 19.2.3, at 444 (emphasis added; footnotes omitted).
In the present case, we agree with the trial judge that there is a publiс interest in avoiding the grant of tenure by default. Administrative errors and oversights should not result in a tenured appointment for a person whom the responsible University officials consider unsuitable to receive it. Generally speaking, in the words of Judge Holtzoff, “[a] contract to hire a teacher may not be enforced by specific performance.”
Greene, supra,
III.
Turning to the issue of damages, the trial judge first noted thаt the University’s failure to provide Dr. Kakaes, prior to June 30,1993, with a final decision as to tenure left him “with insufficient time, after learning for certain that his job was ending, to secure another position.” It was for this harm, according to the judge, that Dr. Kakaes was entitled to receive dаmages. 5 The judge continued:
In light of these circumstances and the nature of the damages evidence presented at trial by plaintiff, the court finds that plaintiff has only proven that he is entitled to an award for the actual reduction of income from GW which plaintiff suffered in 1994 — $38,459.00 (as his position ended on May 30, 1994 and he did not receive a continued GW salary for the latter half of 1994), — and in the first half of the next year, 1995, the first year after he was actually given a legally sufficient notice of the university’s decision — $36,599.00. Because of the plaintiffs choice to pursue non-academic employment thereafter, and the increased earnings from his extremely lucrative business endeavors after leaving GW, the court has determined that he is not entitled to any award for later years of lost GW employment. Instead, the court has determined that its award of damages must be limited to the amount necessary to make the plaintiff whole, and to place him in the same position he would have been in had GW not breached the notice provision of the code. See Rowan Heating—Air Conditioning— Sheet Metal, Inc. v. Williams,580 A.2d 583 , 585 (D.C.1990). Nor is plaintiff entitled to any award of attorneys’ fеes, as he has faded to establish that the university’s defenses in this case were presented in bad faith. See e.g., Cahn v. Antioch Univ.,482 A.2d 120 , 132-33; *586 Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Wilderness Soc.,421 U.S. 240 , 258-59,95 S.Ct. 1612 ,44 L.Ed.2d 141 (1975).
(Footnotes omitted.)
Dr. Kakaes testified on his own behalf and attempted to “compare[ ] what my actual income was to what my actual income would have been had I been [at the University].” Dr. Kakaes presented no expert testimony, and the trial judge expressed considerable skepticism regarding Kakaes’ own credibility as a witness. The judge, as the trier of fact, was free “to either credit or disregard [Dr. Kakaes’] opinion as to [his] calculation оf damages.”
6
Columbus Props., Inc. v. O’Connell,
We recognize that the predicate for denying equitable relief to Dr. Kakaes was that he had a full and adequate remedy at law. Nevertheless, the burden was on him to prove the extent of his damages. His failure to present expert testimony was prоblematical, for “the task of projecting a person’s lost earnings lends itself to clarification by expert testimony because it involves the use of statistical techniques and requires a broad knowledge of economics.”
Hughes v. Pender,
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is Affirmed.
Notes
. Professor Kakaes received the letter on June 30, 1993.
. On February 10, 1994, while Dr. Kakaes' suit was pending, the Board of Trustees voted to dеny him tenure.
. This appears to be the trial judge’s construction of the contract, and the University does not appear to have explicitly challenged it.
See also Kakaes I,
. We agree with the trial judge that
"Farrington v. School Committee of Cambridge,
. The judge correctly stated that “[t]he uncertainty of plaintiffs position pending the decision of the Board [of Trustees] was a focus of the Court of Appeals’ ruling reversing the trial court’s earlier grant of summary judgment for defendant.” See
Kakaes I,
. The court wrote:
Plaintiff's evidenсe of economic damages was limited, due, in part, to his failure to offer an economic expert to substantiate his claim. See Hughes v. Pender,391 A.2d 259 , 262-63 (D.C.1978); District of Columbia v. Barriteau,399 A.2d 563 [, 568-69] (D.C.1979). Further, to the extent that the plaintiff himself was the only witness on the damages issue, plaintiff's proof was suboptimal from the perspectivе of the court’s evaluation of his testimony as somewhat evasive on the income issue. Although plaintiff is correct in noting that expert testimony is not always needed to prove damages, Steinkamp v. Hodson,718 A.2d 107 , 113-14 (D.C.1998), plaintiff bears the ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact as to the amount of damages. See Consumers United Insur. Co. v. Smith,644 A.2d 1328 , 1344 [n. 21] (D.C.1994); Hemminger v. Scott,111 A.2d 619 [, 620] (D.C.1955).