I. Procedural History and Factual Background
In April 2009, Plaintiffs K2 Asia Ventures, Ben C. Broocks, and James G.J. Crow filed a complaint in Forsyth County against Defendants Robert Trota, Veronica Trota, Joselito Saludo, Carolyn T. Salud, Roland V. Garcia, Cristina T. Garcia, Jim Fuentebella, Mavis Fuentebella, Sharon Fuentebella, Max’s Baclaran, Inc., Chickens R Us, Inc., Max’s Makati, Inc., Max’s Ermita, Inc., Max’s of Manila, Inc., The Real American Donut Company Inc., Trofi Ventures, Inc., Ruby Investment Company Holdings, Inc., Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation, and Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc., asserting various causes of action аrising out of alleged breaches of business agreements between Plaintiffs and various Defendants.
On 11 August 2009, Plaintiffs served their first sеt of interrogatories, requests for production of documents, and requests for admissions on Defendants Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation and Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc., (collectively, “the KKD Defendants”), and also on the remaining Defendants, including the K21 appellants, who will be referred to collectively in this opinion as “the Philippine Defendants.” On 13 October 2009, the Philippine Defendants responded to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests, including stating various objections. On 14 October 2009, the KKD Defendants timely served their responses and objections to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests.
After receiving Defendants’ responses to interrogatories, requests for production of documents, and requests for admissions, Plaintiffs sought to supplement their jurisdictional discovery by deposing the K21 appellants. The K2 I appellants, who are residents of the Philippines, objected to the depositions and moved the trial court for a protective order. Plaintiffs filed an amended notice of depositions, but when they were unable to secure the K21 appellants’ voluntary apрearance at the depositions, Plaintiffs filed a 10 March 2010 motion to compel depositions.
Following a 5 April 2010 hearing on these discovery motions, on 19 April 2010, the trial court entered an order granting Plaintiffs’ motion to compel depositions and denying the
K2 I
appellants’ motion for a protective order. The trial court ordered the
K2 I
appellants to appear for depositions in Glendale, California, where Defendant Max’s of Manila, Inc., a corporation in which three of the
K2 I
appellants are directors or officers, has its headquarters. On 20 April 2010, the
K2 I
appellants appealed the trial court’s 19 April 2010 order. On 1 March 2011, this Court issued an opinion dismissing the appeal as interlocutory.
K2 Asia Ventures v.
Trota,_N.C. App. _,_,
While the K2 I appeal was pending, on 30 April 2010, Plaintiffs filed separate motions to compel the KKD Defendants and the Philippine Defendants to produce additional documents. Each motion asked the trial court to strike or limit any objections and “compel[] full responses” to Plaintiffs’ discovеry requests. Following a hearing on 17 May 2010, on 15 June 2010, the trial court entered orders compelling both the KKD and Philippine Defendants to produce certain documents. From these orders, the KKD and Philippine Defendants appeal.
II. Grounds for Appellate Review
At the outset, we must consider the interlocutory nature of both the KKD and Philippine Defendants’ appeals. Interlocutory orders are immediately appealable only if they have been certified by the trial court pursuant to Rule 54(b) or if the order affects a substantial right of the appellants.
See
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 54(b) (2009); N.C. Gen. Stat. § l-277(a) (2009) (“An appeal may be taken from every judicial order or determination of a judge of a superior or district court... which affects a substantial right claimed in any action or proceeding.”). Here, there has been no Rule 54(b) certification by the trial court. In
determining whether an interlocutory order may be appealed because of its effect on a party’s substantial rights, our State’s appellate courts have developed the following two-part test: (1) the right itself must be substantial, and (2) the “deprivation of that substantial right must potentially work injury to [the appellant] if not corrected before appeal from final judgment.”
Goldston v. Am. Motors Corp.,
“An order compelling discovery is generally not immediately appealable because it is interlocutory and does not affect a
Here, the KKD Defendants argue that the trial court abused its discretion in compelling it to produce the documents covered by Plaintiffs’ request 3. As the record reveals and Plaintiffs concede, the KKD Defendants asserted attorney-client privilege and work product immunity in their specific response to Plaintiffs’ request 3. Thus, that portion of the trial court’s 15 June 2010 order compelling the KKD Defendants to produce the documents covered by Plaintiffs’ request 3 is immediately appealable under Evans and Sharpe, and the KKD Defendants’ appeal is therefore addressed infra.
III. Philippine Defendants’ Appeal
A. General Objections
Unlike the KKD Defendants, the Philippine Defendants did not assert attorney-client privilege or work product immunity in any of their specific responses to Plaintiffs’ individual requests. However, they first contend they are entitled to immediate appeal from the trial court’s discovery order because they made a “general objection” as to аll of Plaintiff’s “ ‘Definitions’ to the extent that they seek to require
the disclosure of information or documents protected by the attorney/client privilege, the work product doctrine, or any other applicable privilege or doctrine.” This general objection is one of twelve “Objections to ‘Definitions’ ” listed at the beginning of the Philippine Defendants’ responses to Plaintiffs’ first set of interrogatories and document requests. The Philippine Defendants assert that this general objection was sufficient to comply with the mandate of
Evans
(quoting
Sharpe)
that, to be immediately appealable, an appellant must “ ‘assert[] a statutory privilege which directly relates to the matter to be disclosed under an interlocutory discovery order, and the assertion of such privilege is not otherwise frivolous or insubstantial.’ ”
Civil Procedure Rule 34, concerning production of documents, provides in pertinent part:
The response shall state, with respect to each item or category, that inspection and related aсtivities will be permitted as requested, unless the request is objected to, in which event the reasons for objection shall be stated. If objection is made to part of an item or category, the part shall be specified. . . .
There shall be sufficient space following each request in which the respondent may state the response. The respondent shall: (1) state the response in the space provided, using additional pages if necessary; or (2) restate the request to be followed by the response. An objection to a request shall be made by stating the objection and the reason therefor either in the space following the request or following the restated request.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 34(b) (2009) (emphasis added). We conclude that the blanket general objection provided by the Philippine Defendants based on “the attomey/client privilege, the work product doctrine, or any other applicable privilege or doctrine” does not comply with Rule 34 by “stating the objection and the reason therefоr either in the space following the request or following the restated request.” Nor does the Philippine Defendants’ blanket general objection comply with the holding of
Sharpe
as quoted in
Evans
that appellants must make an “ ‘assertion of such privilege [that] is not otherwise frivolous or insubstantial.’ ”
We note that this holding, while a matter of first impression in our State, is in keeping with the decisions of the federal courts which have rejected general objections based on privilege, instead requiring that such objections “be made and established on a document-by-document basis.”
Culinary Foods, Inc. v. Raychem Corp.,
Our holding is also in line with decisions of state courts which have reached the same conclusion.
See e.g., Loudoun County Asphalt, L.L.C. v. Wise Guys Contr., L.L.C.,
B. Privilege Logs
The Philippine Defendants also contend thаt the privilege logs they submitted to Plaintiffs’ counsel beginning on 11 January 2010 with subsequent updates on 19 January and 29 April 2010 constituted a proper assertion of attorney-client privilege. Specifically, the Philippine Defendants cite,
inter alia, Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. Co.
for the proposition that submission of “a privilege log is
sufficient to
properly assert the privilege^]”
Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(b)(1) “provides in pertinent part that ‘[i]n order to preserve a question for appellate review, a party must have presented the trial court with a timely request, objection or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling sought if the specific grounds are not apparent.’ ”
Evans,
Here, the Philippine Defendants’ рrivilege logs were transmitted via United States mail and email between counsel for the parties, but not to the trial court. In the ordinary course of discovery, of course, an objecting party need not automatically file a privilege log with a trial court. If the party seeking the documents accepts the assertion of privilege, the trial court need have no involvement in the issue at all. However, if the parties cannot resolve discovery disputes on their own and a motion to compel is filed seeking to strike “any remaining objections and compel[] full responses” to requests for documents, the party wishing to assert the
As discussed above, the Philippine Defendants’ general objectiоn on grounds of attorney-client privilege and work product immunity was insufficient to raise either protection. We find the next mention of privilege in the record on appeal in the documents which are attached to the 30 April 2010 “Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel Production of Documents from [the Philippine Defendants].” That mention is contained in a letter dated 9 January 2010, in which Plaintiffs’ counsel Christopher V. Goodpastor states that the Philippine Defendants have promised to submit a privilege log that Plaintiffs will then reviеw to determine whether any privilege claims will be accepted. This letter does not indicate that any such claims have been accepted by Plaintiffs. The Philippine Defendants sent their first and admittedly incomplete privilege log to Plaintiffs on 11 January 2010. Counsel Goodpastor replied by letter dated 14 January 2010, noting that the privilege log provided did not contain sufficient information and Plaintiffs reserved the right to challenge the assertions of privilege. On 19 January 2010, counsel for the Philippine Defendants Bradley C. Friesen sent a new privilege log with additional information to Plaintiffs. By letter dated 13 April 2010, Goodpastor informed the Philippine Defendants that Plaintiffs needed still further information in order to evaluate any claims of privilege. 1 On 20 April 2010, counsel for the Philippine Defendants agreed to provide additional privilege log information, although no copy of any updated log was attached to Plaintiffs’ motion. 2 Nothing in these attached documents or in the motion itself even suggests, much less shows, that Plaintiffs ever aсcepted the Philippine Defendants’ assertion of privilege. Indeed, the motion to compel was very broad and sought to strike “any remaining objections and compel[] full responses” to Plaintiffs’ requests for documents. (Emphasis added).
Despite the expansive nature of Plaintiffs’ motion, the Philippine Defendants did not mention any privilege logs, submit the final, updated version of the log to the trial court, or request an in camera review of documents asserted to be privileged at the 17 May 2010 hearing on Plaintiffs’ motion to сompel. At that hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel focused much of his argument on whether the interlocutory appeal in K2 I served to stay further discovery and trial court proceedings pending an opinion from this Court. He then stated:
There were objections initially made regarding vagueness[,] over breadth [sic] and to some of the terms or definitions that weused to streamline the requests initially, but to their credit, counsel for [the Philippine] Defendants after, after several negotiations back and forth agreed to withdraw thоse objections based on some concessions we made. And so the same with the travel to North Carolina, those documents are requested by numbers, request numbers 8 through 10, 32, 33, 41 and 43. Again, vagueness[,] over breadth [sic] objections also withdrawn based upon negotiations between counsel.
The only objection that remains, and it only remains for request numbers 2 through 4, and number 43, is they claim somehow the documents we’re seeking don’t relate to the issues of personal jurisdiction, and for the reasons I’ve said before we believe they relate directly to the issues of personal jurisdiction, and for the reasons I’ve said before we believe they relate directly to the issues of personal jurisdiction.
(Emphasis added). In sum, according to Plaintiffs’ counsel, the Philippine Defendants had withdrawn most of their objections, leaving only four remaining objections, each based on relevancy to the issue of personal jurisdiction, not privilege.
Counsel for the Philippine Defendants responded only briefly to Plaintiffs’ counsel’s remarks, first assеrting a lack of personal jurisdiction as to the
K21
appellants and arguing that further proceedings were stayed pending the
K2 I
appeal. He went on to state that “it is our understanding that nothing has been withheld from production.” Defense counsel did not dispute Plaintiffs’ assertion that the Philippine Defendants had withdrawn all objections except those to request numbers 2 through 4, and number 43, nor did he mention privilege logs, attorney-client privilege, or work product doctrine. The privilege logs were not submitted for the trial court’s review or consideration. In light of these facts, we conclude that the Philippine Defendants failed to assert claims of attorney-client privilege or work product immunity before the trial court. Having failed to “present[]
the trial court with a timely request, objection or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling sought[,]” the Philippine Defendants have failed to preserve the question of the effect of their privilege logs for appellate review.
Evans,
Further, we note that, even if the incоmplete and still-evolving privilege logs addressed in the correspondence attached to
Plaintiffs’
motion could be construed as an adequate assertion of privilege by the Philippine Defendants, their failure even to utter the word “privilege” or to make some reference to that legal principle at the hearing constitutes a failure to establish the privilege.
See Evans,
C. Burden of Establishing Privilege
The Philippine Defendants also contend that Plaintiffs’ motion to compel did not provide “fair notice” that Plaintiffs were contesting any claims of privilege because the motion did not specifically mention privilege. The Philippine Defendants also list various times at which Plaintiffs were “silent” regarding challenges to privilege assertions or failed to state an explicit challenge thereto. These arguments are unavailing because, as we have noted
supra, it was the Philippine Defendants who bore the burdens of asserting and then establishing the privilege, Evans,
D. 19 April 2010 Order to Compel Depositions
We also note that the
K2 I
Defendants, a subset of the Philippine Defendants, ask this Court to address the trial court’s 19 April 2010 order compelling depositions. However, as noted above, on 11 March 2011, this Court issued an opinion dismissing the
K2 I
Defendants’ appeal from that order as interlocutory and not аffecting a substantial right of the
K2 I
appellants.
See K2 Asia
Ventures,_N.C. App. at_,
IV KKD Defendants’ Appeal
“ [I]t is well established that orders regarding discovery matters are within the discretion of the trial court and will not be upset on appeal absent a showing of abuse of that discretion.”
Evans,
The KKD Defendants argue that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling the KKD Defendants’ objections to Plaintiffs’ request 3. We disagree.
The KKD Defendants first contend that, having made a written and specific objection to request 3 on the basis of attorney-client privilege and work product immunity, these “objections required the trial court to make specific findings” about whether the immunity and privilege applied. However, “[findings of fact and conclusions of law are necessary on decisions of any motion or order ex mero motu only when requested by a party . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 52(a)(2) (2009). Further,
[i]t has been repeatedly held by our Supreme Court that, “[w]hen the trial court is not required to find facts and make conclusions of law and does not do so, it is presumed that the court on proper evidence found facts to support its judgment.” Estrada v. Burnham,316 N.C. 318 , 324,341 S.E.2d 538 , 542 (1986); Sherwood v. Sherwood,29 N.C. App. 112 , 113-14,223 S.E.2d 509 , 510-11 (1976). Thus, it is within the trial judge’s discretion whether to make findings of fact “if a party does not choose to compel a finding through the simple mechanism of so requesting.” Watkins v. Hellings,321 N.C. 78 , 82,361 S.E.2d 568 , 571 (1987).
Evans,
The KKD Defendants next contend that “Plaintiffs never challenged [the KKD Defendants’] objections.” The KKD Defendants assert that Plaintiffs’ motion to compel did not specifically mention attorney-client privilege or work product immunity and that the parties never discussed these issues before the trial court’s hearing on the motion to compel. We again note, however, that Plaintiffs’ motion asked the trial court to strike or limit “any remaining objections and compel]] full responses” to Plaintiffs’ requests. (Emphasis added.) Nonetheless, the KKD Defendants argue further that, because Plaintiffs did not specifically mention attorney-client privilege or work product immunity, the KKD Defendants did not present oral arguments on this issue, offer any evidence in support of their privilege and immunity claims, or submit any of the requested documents for in camera review.
The order of the trial court requiring production of the doсuments covered by Plaintiffs’ request 3 is affirmed.
Affirmed in part; dismissed in part.
Notes
. In their reply brief, the Philippine Defendants characterize this letter as a “meet and confer” letter, presumably referring to the requirements of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 37(b), and assert that it “does not challenge any asserted privileges.” However, the 13 April 2010 letter requests un-redacted copies of more than 30 specific documents or information regarding their status as privileged “so that we may evaluate your claim of privilege.” The letter goes on to request legiblе copies of dozens of listed documents that appeared to have been superimposed on each other^and complete copies of numerous incomplete documents. Nothing in the letter suggests that any privilege claims had been accepted by Plaintiffs.
. The “final” updated version of the privilege log was apparently not submitted to the trial court until 21 June 2010 (after entry of the trial court’s order to compel), when the Philippine Defendants attached it as an exhibit to their “Supplemental Response to Plaintiffs’ Request for Production of Documents Pursuant to the June 15, 2010 Order on Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel Production from [the Philippine] Defendants.” In their reply brief, the Philippine Defendants assert that a copy of an updated privilege log was submitted to the trial court at the hearing on the motion to compel. However, the hearing transcript reveals only that Friesen, counsel for the Philippine Defendants, tendered “part of our response to their, to Plaintiffsf’] April 13th requests for additional documents.” Nothing in the transcript or record suggests that this “response” was a privilege log. As discussed in the previous footnote, the 13 April letter from Plaintiffs’ counsel made numerous requests for additional documents, legible copies of documents, and un-redacted versions of documents. Thus, we are unable to determine from the record before us whether the “response” which the Philippine Defendants provided to the trial court was an updated privilege log or some other requested document.