Lead Opinion
OPINION
Angelo Joseph raises several issues related to his convictions for sexual assaults committed against his wife, R.C. He argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions because R.C. was reluctant to testify and she believed that a husband should not be punished for sexually assaulting his wife. But we conclude that the evidence that Joseph forced his wife to engage in sexual penetration and sexual contact was sufficient to support his convictions.
Joseph also argues that his multiple convictions for sexual assault should be merged to avoid double jeopardy. He urges us to overturn the cases holding that distinct types of sexual penetration will support separate convictions for first-degree sexual assault. We conclude that we should follow our recent cases declining to reexamine this rule. On the other hand, we conclude that Joseph's convictions for second-degree sexual assault, related to this same incident, must merge with his convictions for first-degree sexual assault.
Background
Because Joseph contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions, we summarize this trial testimony in the light most favorable to the verdicts
Joseph said he wanted to have sexual intercourse, but R.C. told him she did not want to. Joseph picked her up and carried her to the bedroom. R.C. testified that Joseph removed her underwear and began to perform cunnilingus on her, even though she told him she did not want to have sex.
When R.C. began to struggle, Joseph hit her on the left side of her face. She continued to struggle, and Joseph choked her with
When Joseph returned to the bedroom, R.C. again told him that she didn't want to have sex, but he began having sex with her anyway. R.C. decided not to struggle because she "didn't want anything else to happen." Joseph made R.C. engage in genital intercourse, he performed cunnilingus on her, he touched her breasts, and he touched her genitals. Afterward, Joseph talked to her for a couple of hours until he fell asleep. R.C. took the boys to her aunt's house, then went to the police station.
A grand jury indicted Joseph on seven counts that were later presented to the trial jury: first-degree sexual assault for cunnilingus before the children interrupted; first-degree sexual assault for cunnilingus after the interruption; first-degree sexual assault for genital intercourse; second-degree sexual assault for placing his hand on R.C.'s breast; second-degree sexual assault for placing his hand on R.C.'s genitals; second-degree assault for strangling R.C.; and fourth-degree assault for recklessly causing physical injury to R.C.
Despite R.C.'s description of this assault, she testified that she did not agree with the charges against Joseph because they were married and because the incident happened in their bedroom. When Joseph's defense attorney asked R.C. if she believed that Joseph raped her, she said no. But the jury eventually convicted Joseph of all seven counts.
At sentencing, Joseph's attorney argued that the sexual assault charges should merge for sentencing purposes because they all offended the same societal interests. Judge Volland ruled that separate sentences were warranted because the sexual assaults were distinct in their nature and addressed different societal interests. Joseph now appeals, arguing that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of sexual assault and that his sexual assault convictions should be merged.
Discussion
There was sufficient evidence to support Joseph's sexual assault convictions.
Joseph first argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his sexual assault convictions. When we review a claim of insufficient evidence, we ask whether a reasonable juror could conclude that the State had proven the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Joseph does not argue that the State failed to meet its burden of proof on any element of these offenses. Instead, he argues that there were problems with the State's case: R.C. testified that she did not believe that Joseph had raped her; R.C. was reluctant to testify; and there was no medical evidence to corroborate R.C.'s testimony. But when we rule on a claim of insufficient evidence, we do not weigh the evidence; we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdicts.
Viewed in this light, the evidence established that Joseph used foree when he carried R.C. to the bedroom, removed her underwear, and engaged in sexual penetration. Then Joseph attacked R.C. when she began to struggle. After the boys interrupted, Joseph. again foreed R.C. to engage in sexual penetration. From this evidence, a reasonable juror could conclude that Joseph coereed R.C. to engage in sexual penetration and sexual contact.
It is true that R.C. testified that she did not believe that Joseph had raped her. But she also stated that it would have been rape if another man had done it and that the fact that she was married to Joseph made a difference to her.
R.C.'s testimony reflects a legal attitude that is long outdated. Historically, a man could not be convicted of rape for fore-
Joseph's convictions for first-degree sexual assault do not merge.
Joseph also argues that the double jeopardy clause of the Alaska constitution required the sentencing judge to merge his three convictions for first-degree sexual assault. Joseph urges us to overrule our decisions in Yearty v. State
This court recently considered similar arguments in Lincecum v. State
The changed conditions that Joseph relies on are the increased penalties for first-degree sexual assault. He notes that, under the 1997 version of AS 12.55.125, a first-time felon was subject to a presumptive term of eight years. Under the current version of AS 12.55.125, a first-time felon is subject to a presumptive term of 20 to 30 years. Also, under the current framework, the trial court must impose at least one-fourth of the presumptive term consecutively for each additional conviction of first-degree sexual assault.
However, the legislature is presumed to be aware of pertinent court decisions when it amends a statute.
Moreover, sexual assault convictions need not merge if there is a sufficient break between the offenses.
Even if these events took place relatively quickly, Joseph clearly stopped the first sexual assault when he began beating R.C. Joseph was interrupted by the children, talked to them in the bedroom for a short time, and
On the other hand, Counts 2 and 3 were part of the same incident after the children's interruption, with no significant break between them. But these two counts involved different types of sexual penetration-eunni-lingus and genital intercourse.
Joseph's convictions for second-degree sexual assault merge with his convictions for first-degree sexual assault.
Joseph also argues that his convictions for second-degree sexual assault (for forcible sexual contact with R.C.) should merge with his convictions for first-degree sexual assault (for forcible sexual penetration). On this issue, Joseph has the advantage of more favorable precedent. In Johnson v. State, we stated that "two acts of sexual contact performed as part of a single transaction with a single incident of sexual penetration permit but one conviction for the most serious contact, in this case the sexual penetration."
In this case, most of the testimony at trial described the first-degree sexual assault misconduct, not the second-degree sexual assaults. During R.C.'s direct examination, the prosecutor questioned her very briefly with respect to these charges:
Q. I need to talk to you about the specific acts that occurred when he came back [into the bedroom after putting the boys to bed]. Did he put his penis inside your vagina?
Yes.
Did he again have oral sex with you?
Yes.
Did he touch your breasts?
Yes.
Did he touch your genitals?
Yes.
From this testimony, it appears that Joseph touched R.C.'s breasts and genitals during a single incident, which also involved sexual penetration. Based on the rule we stated in Johnson and Harvey, we conclude that Joseph's convictions for second-degree sexual assault must merge with his convie-tions for sexual assault in the first degree.
Conclusion
We VACATE Joseph's separate convie-tions and sentences for second-degree sexual assault on Counts 4 and 5. The superior court shall amend its judgment to reflect a single conviction for first-degree sexual assault based on the jury's verdicts on Counts 3, 4, and 5, and the superior court shall resen-tence Joseph.
In all other respects, the judgment of the superior court is AFFIRMED.
Order
The Appellant, Angelo Joseph, seeks reconsideration of our decision to affirm his separate convictions for two contemporaneous acts of sexual assault, one involving eun-nilingus and the other involving genital intercourse. See Joseph v. State, - P.3d -, Opinion No. 2382 pp.7-8 (December 14, 2012).
Joseph argues that these two convictions should merge because they were both based
Accordingly, Joseph's petition for rehearing is DENIED.
Entered at the direction of the Court, with Judge Mannheimer concurring.
. See Silvera v. State, 244 P.3d 1138, 1143-44 (Alaska App.2010).
. Cleveland v. State, 258 P.3d 878, 885 (Alaska App.2011).
. Silvera, 244 P.3d at 1143-44.
. See AS 11.41.410(a)(1); AS 11.41.470(8).
. See 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law, § 17.4(d) (2d ed. 2003).
. See 11. 41.432(b).
. 805 P.2d 987 (Alaska App.1991).
. 950 P.2d 580 (Alaska App.1997).
. Yearty, 805 P.2d at 990, 995; Erickson, 950 P.2d at 583-84.
. Wilson v. State, 207 P.3d 565, 570 (Alaska App.2009) (Stewart, J., concurring) (quotation and alterations in original omitted).
. Mem. Op. & J. No. 5877, 2012 WL 4039820 (Alaska App. Sept. 12, 2012).
. 284 P.3d 841 (Alaska App.2012).
. See AS 12.55.127(c)(2)(E).
. Shea v. State, Dept. of Admin., 267 P.3d 624, 633 n. 33 (Alaska 2011).
. See Oswald v. State, 715 P.2d 276, 281 (Alaska App.1986), overruled on other grounds as recognized in Iyapana v. State, 284 P.3d 841, 852 (Alaska App.2012).
. See AS 11.81.900(b)(59).
. See Iyapana, 284 P.3d at 852.
. 762 P.2d 493, 495 (Alaska App.1988).
. Mem. Op & J. 3489 1996 WL 658501 at *7 (Alaska App. Nov. 13, 1996) (citing Johnson, 762 P.2d at 495).6
. See Allain v. State, 810 P.2d 1019, 1021-22 (Alaska App.1991).
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
Joseph's petition for rehearing is premised on the assertion that cunnilingus and genital intercourse both require proof of physical penetration of the female genitals. But in Murray v. State, 770 P.2d 1131, 1138-39 (Alaska App.1989), this Court rejected the contention that cunnilingus required proof of genital penetration. Instead, we endorsed the view that cunnilingus encompasses "(alll sexual activity involving oral contact with the female genitals", regardless of whether that contact includes penetration of the genitals. Ibid.
This is the majority view in the United States.
Alaska's definition of sexual penetration, codified in AS 11.81.900(b)(59)(A), specifies that the term "sexual penetration" includes both genital intercourse and cunnilingus. Because cunnilingus does not require proof of penetration, cunnilingus and genital intercourse are distinct forms of "sexual penetration" under the statute, and these two types of conduct can support separate convictions for sexual assault.
I therefore concur in the decision to deny Joseph's petition for rehearing.
. See State v. Randolph, 735 S.E.2d 845, 854-55 (N.C.App.2012) ("Cunnilingus is the slightest touching by the lips or tongue of another to any part of a woman's genitalia."); State v. Bailey, 78 Ohio App.3d 394, 604 N.E.2d 1366, 1367 (Ohio App.1992) (holding that cunnilingus does not require proof of penetration: "the law requires no further activity to constitute cunnilingus beyond the placing of one's mouth on the female's [genitals]"); State v. Lynch, 98 Ohio St.3d 514, 787 N.E.2d 1185, 1204 (Ohio 2003) (holding that penetration is not required to commit cunnilingus; "[rlather, the act of cunnilingus is completed by the placing of one's mouth on female genitals"); Wisconsin Statutes § 948.02(1)(a) (''In this subsection, 'sexual intercourse' means vulvar penetration as well as cunnilingus, fellatio, or anal intercourse between persons or any intrusion of any inanimate object into the genital or anal opening either by the defendant or upon the defendant's instruction."); State v. Hardwick, unpublished, 2011 WL 855854, *2 (Del. Super 2011) (" 'Cunnilingus' means any oral contact with the female genitalia."); In re R.N., 206 N.C.App. 537, 696 S.E.2d 898, 902 (2010) ("As our Supreme Court has held, cunnilingus, which is defined as the "stimulation by the tongue or lips of any part of a woman's genitalial,]" may occur without penetration of the female genitalia. State v. Ludlum, 303 N.C. 666, 672, 281 S.E.2d 159, 162 (1981)."); State v. Bullock, 179 S.W.3d 413, 415-16 (Mo.App. 2005) (" 'Cunnilingus' is defined in Webster's Third New International Dictionary as "stimulation of the vulva with the lips or tongue." [State v.] Pollard, 588 S.W.2d [212,] 215 215 [(Mo.App. 1979)] (quoting State v. Thompson, 574 S.W.2d 432, 434 (Mo. App.1977)). "Because of the anatomy of the mouth and the female genitalia, we believe that any contact between the mouth or its component parts and the vulva is sufficient to constitute the offense of cunnilingus." Id.).
See also Webster's New World College Dictionary (4th Edition, 2004), which defines "cunnilingus" as "a sexual activity involving oral contact with the female genitals". Id. at 354.
But see Welch v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 558, 628 S.E.2d 340, 343 (2006) ("[To prove cunnilingus, the Commonwealth must prove that there was penetration of any portion of the vulva by the mouth or tongue."); Horton v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 606, 499 S.E.2d 258, 261-62 (Va.1998) ("[Wle conclude that penetration of any portion of the vulva is sufficient to prove sodomy by cunnilingus.").