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Joseph E. Lewis v. United States
337 F.2d 541
D.C. Cir.
1964
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*1 briеf, remedy. City, ap- New York for too was was severe The Commis- gave pellant. sion careful consideration to this contention, reviewing the over-all con- Goodkind, Attorney, Arthur B. operating duct the station Commission, Federal Communications finding and therein insufficient reason for Ohlbaum, Mr. Daniel As- whom E. action less severe revocation. Counsel, Federal sociate General Com- Commission, and Mr. Max munications carefully We too have consider Paglin, Counsel, Federal Com- General ed the record. We that the rul conclude munications Commission time correct, toas notice was and that the filed, brief was clearly findings supports record Henry Geller, appellee. Mr. General conclusions of the Commission. While Counsel, Federal Communications Com- revocation is indeed severe we do not mission, Reel, Attorney, and Mrs. Ruth V. justified, record, feel of the view Commission, Federal Communications substituting judgment a different appearances also entered by agency having prim that reached Fahy ary responsibility protection Miller, of the Before Wilbur K. public in these matters. Burger, See Federal WOKO, Inc., Communications Comm’n.v. PER CURIAM: 329 U.S. 67 S.Ct. L.Ed. 204 hearings Following proceed- other ings the Federal Com- Communications Affirmed. the standard mission order revoked Radio, broadcast station KWK license of Inc., appellant, operator of station KWK, Louis, Commis- St. Missouri. The findings sion order based its on its general KWK, under the of its direction manager, who was also one of its Vice Presidents, had two treasure conducted Joseph LEWIS, Appellant, E. in a hunts constituted manner which upon public, deliberate thus fraud America, UNITED STATES bringing operation of the station Appellee. (2) scope within the of Section Nо. 18019. (3) of the Communications Act.1 rejected appellant’s The Commission con- United States Court of tention the order invalid because District of Columbia Circuit. provisions 9(b) of the Section Argued March 1964. regard- Administrative Act2 Procedure Decided June ing notice as a condition to rеvocation with, pointing complied had not been out Rehearing Petition for en Banc inapplicable that the section is “cases Denied Oct. willfulness”, as was con- rejected duct. Commission also assuming that, contention of found, revocation the misconduct be as provides: “(3) repeated (2) (3) for willful or Section failure operate substantially “The sta- set Commission revoke forth permit— license; license or construction tion ” * * * * * coming amended, “(2) (1952), because of conditions Stat. 716 47 U.S. (3) 1962). (Supp. -which C.

the attention the Commission IV refusing grant warrant it in would original permit applica- 1008(b) 2. 60 Stat. 242 license an 5 U.S.C. tion; *2 Henry Johnson, Jr., Lincoln Wash-

ington, C., appellant. Frescoln, Atty., Mr. Max Asst. U. S. Acheson, with whom Messrs. David C. U. Q. Atty., Frank S. Nebeker and Robert Norris, Attys., B. Asst. U. S. Burger Before Wright, Bastían, pellant that he- Judge. ‍‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‍own testified his behalf BURGER, Circuit participated in transactions de- had two counts Appellant was government witnesses. scribed -with sell of an testimony of en- raised the issue His giving exchanging bartering, ing, *3 trapment4 the- court instructed the drugs away written without narcotic jury on this issue. 26 of Treasury in violation order form charging that, ;1 (a) counts two 4705 U.S.C. appeal it is claimed On this dispensing selling, or dis purchasing, giving an in nоt the District Court erred drugs tributing in or from not narcotic following requested in the instruction original stamped package in violation the language: 2; two counts of 26 U.S.C. § you “If the Federal believe facilitating charging concealment the informer, Agent..........or the drugs illegally imported narcotiс sale of instructions and. who acted illegally imported knowing same to be agents authority the Federal' 174.3 These 21 U.S.C. § violation Narcotics, asked the de- Bureau count latter of nine counts were the six get for him heroin fendant some charging distinct nar three thereupon defendаnt under- the statute under each cotics offenses pur- prospective took to act in the separate participation in of three each own,, than his chaser’s behalf rather transactions; jury unable to was drug' doing purchased and in so agree counts, which the first three as to person from a third with whom he- alleged first of the three related selling, and' was not associated in of 5 transactions. sentences Concurrent buyer, thereafter delivered it to 4705(a)) years (§ 4 and 7 on both counts not defendant would be seller 174) (§ 2-6 and of and counts 6 and yeаrs 9 not this and could be 4704(a)) (§ counts 5 and 8 on added.) (Emphasis indictment.” imposed. 5, 8, 2, Counts as well as government’s selling, dispensing, such was or dis The evidence reasonably jury tributing, purchase could with the beyond purchasing that an doubt of narcotics. usual found reasonable The police cоmpany procuring agent in the not undercover officer instruction would employee buying. special applicable De- of a of the Police to the offense of See Kelley States, U.S.App. partment transactions latter two v. United 107 given appellant (1960) (per certain had sums D.C. 275 F.2d 10 curi money purchase am) ; Sizer, could v. 292 F.2d so that United States Ap- (4th 1961) (dictum).5 599 n. 4 narcotics for the undercover officer. Cir. (1954), part pellant 26 her trans- 1. 68A Stat. 551 had denied amended, agent theory, (1958). purchasing U.S.C. actions. The defense, constituting like rather amended, 2. 26 68A Stat. 550 example, entrapment self-defense, U.S.C. right to an in- derives from a defendant’s (1956), 21 70 Stat. U.S.C. 174 that must be struction on all elements charged. proved establish the offense Massiah, v. 307 F.2d See United States testimony Appellant’s was that on the 1962) opinion (2d (majority 62, 71 Cir. keep allowed to last occasiоn he had been Hays Judges on this and Waterman himself; purport some narcotics for this citing Kelley point above case for the necessarily profit not inconsistent ed is grounds, proposition), reversed on other “agents” agency theory, infra, for with an 18, 1964). (May 84 S.Ct. 1199 necessarily gratuitоusly. act do not States, Vasquez holding Cf. event, v. United v. Unit our 1961) (purchasing- (9th U.S.App.D.C. F. Cir. ed rejected theory apply (per curiam), to facilitat 2d 10 do.es narcotics); government’s transportation, Walk contention that F.2d er v. United must own case be consistent Washington 1960) (same) ; ap- (5th Kelley, v. theory; Cir. question. portion Thus, this in- risdietions are divided italicized correctly- See United States too broad ‍‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‍struction (3d 1959) (reversing ; Cir. of a limitation the addition refused procuring agent selling,” failure to instruct offense of as “for the such facilitating charge theory proposed would sale under § end of the although charge such had instruction been correct. have made given counts); as to Jackson purchasing instruction (5th requested on when a § 1963) (dictum Cir. charge (a) selling 4 and 7 —here sale); n —when would it. warrant evidence (as facilitating sale); cf. *4 supra; States, United United v. 909, States, (5th v. United F.2d 912 261 Sawyer, 169, (3d F.2d 170 v. 210 States 1959) (alternative ground); Cir. United States, 1954); see Willis v. United Cir. Moses, (3d 220 v. F.2d 166 Cir. U.S.App.D.C. 221, 223-224, F.2d 109 285 1955). contrary To the is Bruno v. ; (dictum) Vasquez 663, 665-666 States, (9th 8, United 259 F.2d 10 Cir. States, (9th 290 F.2d Cir. v. United 897 1958) (alternative grounds): “The un 1961); States, v. 220 Adams United contradicted evidence that Bruno de (5th 1955); F.2d 297 Cir. United States Agent] Velasquez [Undercover livered to Somohanо, F.Supp. 201, (D. v. 193 203 payments the heroin and received the Conn.1961) (as 174).6 to sale under § therefor, shows facilitation of the sales.” (Emphasis added.) United Jasso v. Cf. Thus, a in States, (5th 671, Cir.) 290 F.2d 673 in this case as to struction (dictum), denied, 858, cert. 368 82 U.S. selling of under offense § (1961); 97, S.Ct. 7 L.Ed.2d 55 Rios v. call for failure to so instruct would States, (9th United 283 F.2d 134 Cir. a 4 rеversal for new trial as to counts 1960) (affirming conviction facilitat However, year and 7. sen 5 by knowingly transporting pur sale tences under those counts made con place buy). chaser to of See also year current 5with sentences on § Vasquez States, supra, v. United 290 F.2d (counts 9) 174 сounts 6 and (noting at 899 lack of stated rationale only facilitating conceal case). in Prince narcotics, ment and of sale not the sale case, any supra, itself. In the Willis this unable see We are to pur why court seems to have a indicated that reason chasing аgent can facilitating be convicted under sale § not be of facilitating ‍‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‍narcotics; sale, of illegally 174 imported concealment of we rejecting ignore that contention as to un sale cannot what to us seems statutory mistakably language plain all three sections had to be 174: in § proved. ju- knowingly fraudulently The cases in other federal “Whoever States, (5th 687, ; 174) United States v. § 690 sale -under United 1960) (same) ; 1961) Sizer, 596, (4th Cir. Coronado v. United F.2d 292 599 Cir. States, Cir.) (5th (by implication F.2d 266 720 § 4705 as sale under (same), denied, (a)) ; Vasquez States, cert. 361 U.S. 80 S. 5 v. note United (by supra, Ct. 4 L.Ed.2d But im 90 n. 290 F.2d at 900 cf. ; States, plication 174) v. Hendersоn United F.2d 261 § as to sale under Walker (5th 1958) (alternative States, supra (dictum 912 Cir. v. 5 as United note ground directing judgment acquittal Washington 4705(a)); of § sale under acquisition 174) ; (dictum States, supra under § United note 5 United F.Supp. 201, States v. 203 as to sale under §§ (D.Conn.1961) (directing judgment (a)) ; of ac Coronado v. United note 5 quittal chаrge facilitating supra (dictum selling) ; § as to as to transportation). (3d sale and States v. 1959) (dictum Cir. under sale § 174) ; Jackson note Cf. (5th 1963) (dictum (as 4705(a)). Cir. to sale under § * * * conceals, buys, sells, receives, would, 174 counts because of con- § year any sentences, manner currence the 5 obviate facilitates * * * * * upon validity passing 570 our sale 70 Stat. the § counts, 21 U.S.C. since failure to instruct short, agent theory purchasing conduit facili- who acts as a one as to the buying (a) prej- sale tates the result. not end Since could selling offenses, made udiced individual we are 174 counts Congrеss charge However, do to which intended did not believe sale. proscribe only facilitating concurrently year conduct four 5 sen- seller; tences, it made criminal conduct which also received concur- * * * years “in rent manner facilitates sentences 2-6 on counts 5 * * *,” оnly 4704(a). rather con- Since we seller, give purchasing conduct which facilitates clude that failure to distinguished buyer. A sale instruction as to the § prejudicial definition subsumes a transaction be- counts was error as to the buyer seller; counts, tween “sale” the act of each offenses in those produce is essential a “sale.” The affirmance offenses reasoning preclude does not ing the Court reversal the remain- *5 government the is, Ninth Circuit counts. in the Bruno case course, re-try appellant seems to us: free to correct on those аppropriate counts under instructions. of 21 U.S.C.A. “‘[Facilitates’ § any 174 ‘in manner facilitates a sale’ earlier, purchase As noted we ordinary has common and defini- ‘the by proscrip violates expressed by tion dic- as a standard against buying tion illicit narcotics. tionary. Quoting from Wеbster’s However, an § when indictment under Unabridged Dictionary, “facilitate” 4704(a) charges selling as the offense easy as defined follows: “To make procuring agent purchasing, well as the difficult; or less from diffi- free way required in instruction is the same culty impediment; toas facilitate ” chаrged 4705(a), ’ as for a under § of a execution task.” provided “procuring” is evidence Bruno v. present. Under an indictment sense, procuring agent, at 10. In this jury en offenses of § type “middleman,” who is a or “bro by inferring purchase titled to convict ker,” inevitably facilitates the “sale.” apрellant’s possession unexplained acquit easy To one who more makes may by drug, but also convict it purchase otherwise aids assists the finding directly, beyond a reasonable and convict one who facilitates the sell doubt, in that sold the narcotics hair-splitting would exalt аt the ex violation of need not the statute. We pense substance; of common sense and speculate theory jury on which here eyes simple we not close our to the relied; a conviction counts 2 and words of “in manner.” Ac § 4704(a) may under on a have rested cоrdingly, judgments we affirm the finding might “selling” which have against appellant on counts and 9.7 by been in obviated Ordinarily, Hirabayashi by under struction here the evidence. charged, U.S. S.Ct. a sale of narcotics is Whenever 87 L.Ed. 1774 affirmance jury of the it is instructed “essential 7. We note that as indictment to those ment and sale and the sale it- restrictively counts is drawn charged far more self. Had the indictment a sale charges normal 174, disposition in accordance 174; holding all proper offenses under indicated with our as to the instruc- earlier, charged appel- counts 6 and infra, tion wоuld be dic- only lant the conceal- tated. necessary to elements estab- EHRLICH, Appellant, Ellen J. by appellant.” ‍‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‍lish a sale U.S.App.D.C. omitted.) (Footnote PERPER, Appellee. F.2d at Martin H. No. 17748. We considered United States Court of the issue and hold that contentions other of Columbia District Circuit. properly entrapment submitted Argued 10, 1964. Jan. jury instructions on correct rights affecting substantial that no error July Decided the admission re was committed Rehearing en Banc Petition transactions subse buttal of evidence Denied Oct. present quent to those

indictment. 9; re- counts 6 аnd Affirmed 5,4, remanded as counts

versed

and 8. Judge (concurring WRIGHT, Circuit dissenting part). part reasoned I court’s well concur reversing

opinion respectfully the affirm-

8. I dissent from *6 6 and 9. as to counts

ance giving agent procuring instruc- a distinguishing

tion, be- no for I see basis “ of sale. [A] sale and facilitation tween participant particular transaction punished or as either as a seller must be genеral buyer. no offense There participation viewed in the transaction Moses, 3 a whole.” (1955). Cir., who One Washington, Alexander, D. Mr. John agent buyer is, procuring Johnson, ,C. whom Mr. W. -with Walter law, nor neither the seller brief, Jr., Washington, C., D. was facilitator the sale. United States appellant. Cir., (1959); D.Conn., Washington, Boardman, States v. M. Jean F.Supp. 201, 203 I C., Liptz, would there- ‍‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‍D. whom Mr. Irwin H. require fore instruc- C., Washington, onwas all tion for counts. Burger Danaher, would, moreover, Before approve and McGow- I the in- an, struction in a form similar to the one re- quested and denied: that one cannot PER CURIAM: 4704(a), under U.S.C. §§ or 21 This Domestic Relations U.S.C. if he was a case concerning presented Branch for a issues Government purchasing narcotics, custody young children. and was of three mother, both himself seller of narcotics. father and now divorced and engaged litigation Cir., remarried, which the District Columbia Court

Case Details

Case Name: Joseph E. Lewis v. United States
Court Name: Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
Date Published: Oct 13, 1964
Citation: 337 F.2d 541
Docket Number: 18019_1
Court Abbreviation: D.C. Cir.
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