Case Information
'O' UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA CV 19-5041-RSWL-PLA x JOSE MADRIGAL, ORDER re: Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Plaintiff, as to Third Cause of v. Action [40]; Motion for Order to Limit Ad Damnum UNITED STATES, [41]; Motion for Order Regarding Direct by Declaration & Order of Defendant.
Witnesses [42]
Plaintiff Jose Madrigal (“Plaintiff”) filed this Action [1] on June 10, 2019, against Defendant United States, asserting claims of (1) negligence per se, (2) negligence, and (3) negligent hiring, retention, supervision, or training. The Action arises out of an automobile accident involving Plaintiff and a United States Postal Service (“USPS”) delivery truck.
Presently before the Court are three motions filed by the United States: (1) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [40] (“Partial MSJ”); Motion for Order to Limit Ad Damnum (“Motion to Limit Ad Damnum”) [41]; and (3) Motion for Order Regarding Direct by Declaration and Order of Witnesses (“Motion for Direct by Declaration”) [42]. The United States has also filed alongside its Motion for Direct by Declaration a request regarding the presentation of witnesses (“Request Regarding Witness Presentation”). Having reviewed all papers submitted pertaining to this Motion, the Court NOW FINDS AND RULES AS FOLLOWS : the Court GRANTS the Partial MSJ, DENIES the Motion to Limit Ad Damnum, GRANTS the Motion for Direct by Declaration, and GRANTS the Request Regarding Witness Presentation.
I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff alleges that, on June 16, 2017, he sustained personal injuries from a motor vehicle accident with a USPS delivery truck. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 20, ECF No. 1. On July 13, Plaintiff filed an administrative claim with the USPS for damages related to the accident, seeking one million dollars for personal injuries. [1] Id. ¶ 10. The USPS did not approve Plaintiff’s personal injury claim. Id. ¶ 12.
Plaintiff initiated [1] this Action on June 10, 2019. On October 31, 2019, USPS denied Plaintiff’s administrative claim for personal injuries. Following the parties’ stipulation extending time to answer [17], the United States filed its Answer [21] on December 23, 2019.
Since the subject motor vehicle accident, and during the pendency of this Action, Plaintiff has continued to undergo physical therapy and medical treatment, including epidural steroid injections and surgery. See Decl. of Thomas J. Conroy in Supp. of Pl.’s Opp’n (“Conroy Decl.”) Exs. A-E, ECF No. 46-1.
On March 29, 2021, the United States filed its Partial MSJ [40], Motion to Limit Ad Damnum [41], and Motion for Direct by Declaration [42]. Plaintiff untimely opposed [46, 47] the Motion to Limit Ad Damnum and the Motion for Direct by Declaration. The United States’ Partial MSJ stands unopposed. A bench trial is set for May 25, 2021.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
The United States argues that dismissal of Plaintiff’s claim for negligent hiring, retention, training, and supervision is proper because “district courts lack jurisdiction over discretionary decisions made by federal agencies . . . under the discretionary function exception to the [Federal Tort Claims Act].” Mot. for Partial Summ. J. 2:5-12, ECF No. 40. The Court agrees.
While the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) serves as a limited waiver of the United States’ sovereign immunity, the FTCA’s discretionary function exception limits governmental liability. See Vickers v. United States, 228 F.3d 944, 948-50 (9th Cir. 2000). The statutory discretionary function exception is inapplicable to:
[a]ny claim based upon an act or omission of an employee of the [United States], exercising due care, in the execution of a statute or regulation . . . or based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the [United States], whether or not the discretion be abused.
28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). The Ninth Circuit has held that “decisions relating to the hiring, training, and supervision of employees usually involve policy judgments of the type Congress intended the discretionary function exception to shield.” Vickers v. United States, 228 F.3d 944, 950 (9th Cir. 2000); see also Gager v. United States, 149 F.3d 918, 921-22 (9th Cir. 1998) (applying the discretionary function exception because “[t]he decision not to provide universal training and supervision . . . involved judgment or choice grounded in social, economic, and political policy”).
Because Plaintiff’s claim falls squarely within the discretionary function exception to the FTCA, the Court GRANTS the United States’ Partial MSJ. [2] See, e.g., A.M. v. United States, No. 19-CV-1108 TWR (AGS), 2020 WL 6276021, at *4-6 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 2020) (concluding that plaintiff’s claim for negligent retention, supervision, and hiring was barred by the discretionary function exception to the FTCA); Vardiman v. United States, No. 4:17CV2358 RLW, 2020 WL 109464, at *6 (E.D. Mo. Jan. 9, 2020) (same); Smith v. United States, No. 1:17-CV-00085-GNS-HBB, 2018 WL 6308736, at *4 (W.D. Ky. Dec. 3, 2018) (same); White v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 111 F. Supp. 3d 1041, 1051 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (same); West v. United States, No. EDCV 15-01243-JLS (PLAx), 2016 WL 1576382, at *3-5 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 11, 2016) (same). B. Motion for Order to Limit Ad Damnum 28 U.S.C. § 2675(b) provides that, after an administrative claim is denied, or six months pass since the administrative claim was presented, a claimant may file an action against the United States for an amount not to exceed the amount of the administrative claim. There are two exceptions to the statutory limit on damages: “(1) where the plaintiff proves ‘newly discovered evidence not reasonably discoverable at the time of presenting the claim to the federal agency,’ or (2) where the plaintiff identifies and proves ‘intervening facts’ justifying a higher award.’” Wilcox v. United States Postal Serv. Inc, No. 8:17-cv-00224- Plaintiff states in those documents his intention to proceed at trial with his two other causes of action, he makes no mention of the claim for negligent hiring, retention, training, and supervision.
JLS-KES, 2019 WL 4138007, at *3 (C.D. Cal. May 3, 2019) (quoting Salcedo-Albanez v. United States, 149 F. Supp. 2d 1240, 1243 (S.D. Cal. 2001)). “The ultimate question is whether ‘the full extent of [Plaintiff’s] injuries [was] reasonably foreseeable’ when the administrative claim was filed.” Id. (quoting Richardson v. United States, 841 F.2d 993, 999 (9th Cir. 1988)).
The subject automobile accident occurred on June 16, 2017. Compl. ¶ 20. Plaintiff was thereafter treated at Long Beach Memorial and was diagnosed with a head injury, cervical strain, and contusion of his left thigh. See Conroy Decl. Ex. A, at 7-8, ECF No. 46-2. He was instructed to follow up with his primary care doctor. Id. at 13. On July 13, 2017, Plaintiff filed his administrative claim with the USPS for one million dollars for “bodily injury to his head, neck, back and legs.” Decl. of Fatimargentina Lacayo Ex. B, at 13, ECF No. 41-1.
After filing his administrative claim with the USPS, Plaintiff began physical therapy in August 2017. See Conroy Decl. Ex. D, ECF No. 46-5. He visited a series of doctors over the next two years and was given epidural steroid injections. See Conroy Decl. Exs. B-D. Following a medical visit on September 11, 2018, Dr. Binder recommended a lumbar epidural steroid injection and additional physical therapy. Conroy Decl. Ex. D. He opined that “there is no need for spine surgery at this time.” Id. Approximately one year later, on September 24, 2019, Dr. Binder performed a laminectomy, discectomy, and fusion at Plaintiff’s lower back. Id.; see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Limit Ad Damnum (“Opp’n to Ad Damnum”) 2:3-6, ECF No. 46. Plaintiff avers that he continues to experience pain in his neck and lower back. Conroy Decl. ¶ 9.
The United States argues that, because Plaintiff’s need for surgery was reasonably discoverable at the time he filed his administrative claim for one million dollars, Plaintiff cannot seek more than one million dollars. See generally Mot. to Limit Ad Damnum, ECF No. 41; see also 28 U.S.C. § 2675(b) (generally limiting a plaintiff’s recovery to “the amount of the claim presented to the federal agency”). Further, the United States contends that all of Plaintiff’s medical diagnoses and treatment occurred before the USPS denied his administrative claim on October 31, 2019, meaning that Plaintiff could have amended his claim when he learned of the ongoing treatment. Mot. to Limit Ad Damnum 6:27-7:7. On the other hand, Plaintiff argues [3] that his medical treatment and surgery constitute evidence not reasonably discoverable at the time of presenting his administrative claim. Opp’n to Ad Damnum 5:27-6:4. He argues that the considerable development of his injuries was not foreseeable, so he should be permitted to seek an amount in excess of his administrative claim. Id. at 4:15-5:18, 7:3-4.
Thus, the United States’ Motion to Limit Ad Damnum presents two issues: whether the extent of Plaintiff’s injuries was reasonably foreseeable at the time he filed his administrative claim, and whether Plaintiff’s failure to amend his administrative claim prior to final agency action precludes a damages award in excess of his administrative claim. The Court addresses these issues in turn.
1. Foreseeability of Plaintiff’s Medical Expenses Courts in the Ninth Circuit have employed the “reasonably foreseeable” test in determining whether a claimant may initiate an action for a sum in excess of the amount of the administrative claim. See, e.g., Wilcox, 2019 WL 4138007, at *3; Resnansky v. United States, No. 13-cv-05133-DMR, 2015 WL 1968606, at *3-4 (N.D. Cal. May 1, 2015); Richardson, 841 F.2d at 999. That is, “a plaintiff cannot seek damages beyond the amount set forth in the administrative claim if the injuries were ‘reasonably foreseeable’ at the time the claim was filed.” Resnansky, 2015 WL 1968606, at *3 (citing Richardson, 841 F.2d at 999).
“[W]hile courts do not charge a claimant with knowing what the physicians could not tell him, the information must not have been discoverable through the exercise of reasonable diligence.” Wilcox, 2019 WL 4138007, at *3 (internal citation omitted) (quoting Low v. United States, 795 F.2d 466, 470 (5th Cir. 1986)). A claimant need not know the precise extent of his injury upon filing an administrative claim, but “[d]iagnoses which are no more than cumulative and confirmatory of earlier diagnoses are neither ‘newly discovered evidence’ nor ‘intervening facts.’” Wilcox, 2019 WL 4138007, at *3 (quoting Reilly v. United States, 863 F.2d 149, 171 (1st Cir. 1988)). This inquiry “is inherently fact-specific.” Wilcox, 2019 WL 4138007, at *3 (quoting Resnansky, 2015 WL 1968606, at *4).
The Court concludes that the extent of Plaintiff’s injuries was not reasonably foreseeable at the time he filed his administrative claim. Plaintiff’s initial diagnosis consisted of a head injury, cervical strain, and contusion of his left thigh. [4] Conroy Decl. Ex. A, at 7-8. But none of these diagnoses implicate the procedures Plaintiff would eventually undergo—namely, a laminectomy, a discectomy, and fusion at levels L4-L5 and L5-S1. It was not until Plaintiff underwent an MRI in August 2017—one month after filing his administrative claim—that the extent of his injuries came to light. See Conroy Decl. Ex. B, at 2. It was also at the August 2017 visit to Dr. Le that the prospect of surgery emerged. See id.
Because the increased amount that Plaintiff seeks was not reasonably discoverable at the time of *10 Case 2:19-cv-05041-RSWL-PLA Document 69 Filed 04/27/21 Page 10 of 15 Page ID #:1043
presenting his administrative claim, Plaintiff may seek damages in excess of one million dollars. See 28 U.S.C. § 2675(b).
2. Plaintiff’s Election Not to Amend the Administrative Claim
The United States advances the argument that Plaintiff should not be able to seek more than the amount sought in his administrative claim because Plaintiff could have amended his claim at any time before it was denied by the USPS in October 2019. See Mot. to Limit Ad Damnum 6:26-7:7; Reply of Def. United States in Supp. of Mot. to Limit Ad Damnum 3:5-8, ECF No. 53. The Court finds this argument unavailing.
First, although USPS’s failure to issue a decision was not considered a final denial of Plaintiff’s administrative claim until Plaintiff filed this Action, § 2675(c) directs district courts to evaluate the existence of new facts from the time the claim was presented, not the time of final agency action. See 28 U.S.C. § 2675(b). That is, Plaintiff may properly seek a sum in excess of the amount sought in his administrative claim if “the increased amount is based upon newly discovered evidence not reasonably discoverable at the time of presenting the claim to the federal agency .” 28 U.S.C. § 2675(b) (emphasis added). As discussed above, since the time Plaintiff presented *11 Case 2:19-cv-05041-RSWL-PLA Document 69 Filed 04/27/21 Page 11 of 15 Page ID #:1044
his claim [5] in July 2017, new facts arose permitting Plaintiff to seek a sum in excess of the amount in the administrative claim.
Second, 28 C.F.R. § 14.2(c) provides that an administrative claim under Section 2675 “may be amended by the claimant at any time prior to final agency action or prior to the exercise of the claimant’s option under 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a).” Section 14.2(c) is notably couched in permissive terms. It does not require a claimant to amend his claim.
Finally, to require a claimant to amend his claim at any time prior to final agency action would contravene the claimant’s option under 28 U.S.C. § 2675(b) to initiate an action after six months based on the agency’s failure to issue a final denial. To be sure, some district courts have reached a contrary result by holding that a plaintiff must amend an administrative claim prior to final agency action to recover more than the amount sought in the initial claim. See, e.g., Beal v. United States, No. CV 05- *12 Case 2:19-cv-05041-RSWL-PLA Document 69 Filed 04/27/21 Page 12 of 15 Page ID #:1045
1278-AHM(AJWx), 2007 WL 9706707, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2007) (citation omitted) (stating that a plaintiff’s contention that he can sue in federal court for more than the amount sought in the administrative claim “must fail inasmuch as the plaintiff had the right at any time prior to final agency action to amend the claim”); Indus. Indem. Co. v. United States, 504 F. Supp. 394, 399 (E.D. Cal. 1980) (same). To the extent those cases yield a different result, the Court finds them unpersuasive and contrary to the plain language of 28 U.S.C. § 2675 and 28 C.F.R. § 14.2(c). See Diawara v. United States, No. 18-3520, 2020 WL 1151162, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 9, 2020) (holding that the plaintiff, although she could have amended her claim, “had no duty to amend her claim prior to the USPS issuing its final decision”); see also Robison v. United States, 746 F.
Supp. 1059, 1063 (D. Kan. 1990) (stating that the relevant date under § 2675(b) is the time at which plaintiff submitted his administrative claim, not the date of final agency action).
For these reasons, the Court DENIES the United States’ Motion to Limit Ad Damnum.
C. Motion for Direct by Declaration
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 43(a) requires that witnesses’ testimony be “taken in open court unless a federal statute, the Federal Rules of Evidence, these rules, or other rules adopted by the Supreme Court provide otherwise.” Local Rule 43-1 further provides *13 Case 2:19-cv-05041-RSWL-PLA Document 69 Filed 04/27/21 Page 13 of 15 Page ID #:1046
that “the judge may order that the direct testimony of a witness be presented by written narrative statement subject to the witness’ cross-examination at the trial.” Consistent with the mandate of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 43(a) that the testimony be taken in open court, Local Rule 43-1 states that any “written, direct testimony shall be adopted by the witness orally in open court, unless such requirement is waived.”
The United States requests that the Court order direct testimony to be occasioned by written declarations in lieu of oral testimony. See generally Mot. Regarding Direct by Decl., ECF No. 42. The United States insists that “[t]rial by direct declaration will substantially shorten the length of the bench trial, encourage the parties to eliminate cumulative and non- essential witnesses, reduce the cost and time expense of bring lay and expert witnesses to trial, and assist the Court in examining the medical issues related to Plaintiff’s damages claims.” Id. at 2:24-28.
In opposition, Plaintiff argues [6] that, because the United States opposes both liability and damages, it is critical that witnesses provide live oral testimony. Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. Regarding Direct 1:26-2:3, ECF No. 47. He further argues that live oral testimony is necessary for the Court to assess witness *14 Case 2:19-cv-05041-RSWL-PLA Document 69 Filed 04/27/21 Page 14 of 15 Page ID #:1047
credibility. Id. at 1:19-25.
The Court concludes that direct testimony by written narrative statement is appropriate in this case. Local Rule 43-1 expressly allows this, and the Court is not convinced that the factual questions at issue are “not readily ascertainable from the declarations of witnesses.” United Com. Ins. Serv., Inc. v. Paymaster Corp., 962 F.2d 853, 858 (9th Cir. 1992). Moreover, the Court can adequately assess witness credibility through written declarations as well as during live cross- examination and redirect examination. See In re Adair, 965 F.2d 777, 780 (9th Cir. 1992) (upholding the bankruptcy court’s standard procedure requiring direct testimony by written declaration where “[w]itness credibility initially was established through factual consistency in the declarations” and the judge “had the opportunity to observe the declarants’ demeanor and to gauge their credibility during oral cross-examination and redirect examination”); see also Kuntz v. Sea Eagle Diving Adventures Corp., 199 F.R.D. 665, 667 (D. Haw. 2001) (stating that “[t]he accuracy of each witness statement is assured by the declarant’s review and signing of the statement on penalty of perjury”).
The use of written testimony in this case is compelled by Federal Rule of Evidence 611(a), which provides that “[t]he [C]ourt should exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make those *15 Case 2:19-cv-05041-RSWL-PLA Document 69 Filed 04/27/21 Page 15 of 15 Page ID #:1048
procedures effective for determining the truth; [and] (2) avoid wasting time . . . .” Further, the Ninth Circuit has touted “[t]he use of written testimony ‘[a]s an accepted and encouraged technique for shortening bench trials.’” In re Adair, 965 F.2d 777, 779 (9th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted).
Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the United States’ Motion for Order Regarding Direct by Declaration.
D. Request Regarding Witness Presentation The United States proposes that the parties “jointly file a witness list indicating (i) the order in which their witnesses will be called to testify and (ii) time estimates for cross-examination and re-direct of each witness.” Mot. to Limit Ad Damnum 4:7-13.
Plaintiff does not oppose. Opp’n to Ad Damnum 3:8-9. The Court therefore GRANTS the United States’ Request Regarding Witness Presentation.
III. CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS the United States’ Partial MSJ; DENIES the Motion to Limit Ad Damnum; GRANTS the Motion for Direct by Declaration; and GRANTS the Request Regarding Witness Presentation. IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: April 27, 2021 _____________________________ /s/ Ronald S.W. Lew HONORABLE RONALD S.W. LEW
Senior U.S. District Judge
[1] Plaintiff also filed a claim with USPS for property 27 damages, which he settled in 2017. Id. ¶ 11. 28
[2] Plaintiff filed a Proposed Pretrial Conference Order [55] 28 and Memorandum of Contentions of Fact and Law [50]. While
[3] Plaintiff’s opposition was untimely. While the Court may consider the failure to file a timely opposition consent to the granting of the motion, see Local Rule 7-12, the Court nonetheless proceeds to the merits.
[4] Plaintiff was prescribed Motrin and Flexeril and instructed to return four weeks later. Id. at 33. 28
[5] A claim shall be deemed to have been presented when a Federal agency receives from a claimant . . . an executed Standard Form 95 . . . accompanied by a claim for money damages in a sum certain for . . . personal injury . . . alleged to have occurred by reason of the incident; and the title or legal capacity of the person signing, and is accompanied by evidence of his authority to present a claim on behalf of the claimant as agent, executor, administrator, parent, guardian, or other representative. 28 C.F.R. § 14.2(a).
[6] The Court may properly deem Plaintiff’s untimely 27 Opposition [47] consent to granting of the motion. See Local Rule 7-12. 28