202 F.3d 486 | 2d Cir. | 2000
202 F.3d 486 (2nd Cir. 2000)
JOSE M. HERNANDEZ, Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent-Appellee.
Docket No. 97-2648
August Term, 1998
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND CIRCUIT
Argued: June 11, 1999
Decided: Feb. 3, 2000
Petitioner appeals from a decision of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont (J. Garvan Murtha, Chief Judge) denying his habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. 2255 because he could not establish that he was prejudiced by his retained counsel's failure to file a notice of appeal. The Court of Appeals, Leval, J., holds that, when an attorney is retained to prosecute an appeal from a criminal conviction, the attorney's failure to perfect the appeal constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel without obligation on the petitioner's part to demonstrate prejudice.
Vacated and remanded.
PETER F. LANGROCK, Middlebury, VT, (Frank H. Langrock, Langrock, Sperry and Wool, Middlebury, VT on the brief), for Petitioner-Appellant,
PAUL J. VAN DE GRAAF, Assistant United States Attorney (Charles R. Tetzlaff, United States Attorney and David V. Kirby, Assistant United States Attorney, Burlington VT on the brief), for Respondent-Appellee.
Before: LEVAL and SOTOMAYOR, Circuit Judges, and POLLACK, District Judge.*
LEVAL, Circuit Judge:
Jose M. Hernandez appeals from a decision of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont (Murtha, C. J.), denying his habeas corpus petition filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2255. The District Court held that Hernandez was not entitled to relief on his claim of ineffectiveness of counsel because he could not establish that his attorney's failure to prosecute an appeal from his criminal conviction resulted in "prejudice." Plaintiff argues that, under such circumstances, a habeas petitioner need not establish prejudice. We agree.
BACKGROUND
On October 17, 1994, in the United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Hernandez pleaded guilty to one count of possession of heroin with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 841. On October 23, 1995, the court sentenced Hernandez to 120 months in prison.
On November 6, 1995, Hernandez's retained attorney, John M. Ciciline, filed a notice of appeal to this court. The notice was not timely filed, although none of the parties appear to have noticed this fact at the time. According to Hernandez's allegations, the following day, Ciciline contacted Hernandez by letter, notifying him of the filing of the notice and discussing the merits of various potential claims for appeal. Thereafter, Ciciline made no further filings. Hernandez, who was incarcerated during this period, asserts that he had no knowledge of Ciciline's inaction and assumed the appeal was being prosecuted.
On March 24, 1997, Hernandez, acting pro se, filed a habeas corpus petition, raising several issues, including ineffective assistance of counsel. The petition was somewhat ambiguous, but, interpreted liberally, can be read to allege Hernandez's rights were violated by Ciciline's failure to prosecute the appeal. On July 18, 1997, the Magistrate Judge recommended denying the petition. Hernandez objected to the Magistrate Judge's report, more explicitly developing his claim of Ciciline's failure to prosecute the appeal. On August 11, 1997, the District Court adopted the Magistrate Judge's report, denied the petition, declined to issue a certificate of appealability, and denied Hernandez's request to proceed in forma pauperis.
Still acting pro se, Hernandez filed a notice of appeal. On June 26, 1998, we issued a certificate of appealability and appointed counsel to brief the issue "whether appellant was accorded ineffective assistance of counsel when counsel failed to perfect appellant's direct criminal appeal."
DISCUSSION
In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the Supreme Court laid out a two-part test which must, under most circumstances, be met in order to establish that a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel has been violated due to the ineffective assistance of counsel. Under the Strickland standard, a petitioner must establish both (1) that counsel made errors so serious that defendant was deprived of reasonably competent representation and (2) that counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the defense. See id. at 687-91. In his report, adopted in full by the District Judge, the Magistrate Judge applied the Strickland test in evaluating Hernandez's ineffective assistance of counsel claims and recommended dismissal of the petition by reason of the failure to show prejudice.
Strickland itself, however, explicitly notes that there are some situations where a defendant need not affirmatively establish prejudice, as "[a]ctual or constructive denial of assistance of counsel altogether is legally presumed to result in prejudice." Id. at 692. Decisions of the Supreme Court reflect a clear intention to treat attorney errors which strip defendants of their right to an attorney-assisted appeal as triggering such a presumption. In Rodriquez v. United States, 395 U.S. 327, 329 (1969), the Court held that a 2255 petitioner whose attorney failed to file notice of appeal as instructed need not "disclose what errors [he] would raise on appeal to demonstrate that denial of an appeal had caused prejudice." See also Peguero v. United States, 119 S. Ct. 961, 965-66 (1999) (O'Connor, J., concurring) (explicitly noting that Rodriquez remains good law); Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 88 (1988) (presuming prejudice where state court allows lawyer to withdraw from appeal based on conclusory statement that appeal lacks merit)
Two decisions of this court, issued since the District Court's decision in this case, have explicitly held that petitioners whose attorneys failed to preserve their rights to appeal need not show prejudice to establish ineffective assistance of counsel. See Restrepo v. Kelly, 178 F.3d 634 (2d Cir. 1999) ( 2254 petitioner from state conviction whose attorney failed to file notice of appeal need not establish prejudice); McHale v. United States, 175 F.3d 115 (2d Cir. 1999) ( 2255 petitioner whose attorney filed timely notice of appeal but did not perfect the appeal need not establish prejudice). We conclude that Strickland's requirement of a showing of prejudice does not apply where the alleged ineffective assistance lies in a counsel's unexcused failure to bring a direct appeal from a criminal conviction upon the defendant's direction to do so. In such circumstances, prejudice will be presumed. See Restrepo, 178 F.3d at 641-42.
The Government contends that our decision in Hooper v. United States, 112 F.3d 83 (2d Cir. 1997), establishes a different rule--requiring a showing of prejudice--where defense counsel does file a notice of appeal but not in a timely manner. We reject that characterization of Hooper. Hooper did not suggest it was drawing a distinction between a criminal defendant whose counsel files an untimely notice of appeal, does not file a notice of appeal, or files a timely notice and then neglects to perfect the appeal. We can see no basis for such a distinction. It is the fair inference from our discussion of Hooper in McHale and our decision in Restrepo that Hooper is no longer regarded as good authority for the proposition that prejudice must be shown in such circumstances. See McHale, 175 F.3d at 118-19 & n.2; Restrepo, 178 F.3d 634.
As to the other prong of the Strickland test--deprivation of reasonably competent representation--the minimum requirements of professional competency are violated when an attorney, hired by a convicted defendant to prosecute an appeal, fails without excuse to file a timely notice of appeal, so that the opportunity to appeal is lost. Hernandez's petition thus alleges facts sufficient to constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. We must therefore vacate the judgment and remand to the District Court for further proceedings.
If Hernandez succeeds on remand in establishing that he retained Mr. Ciciline with the understanding that Ciciline would pursue the appeal, and that Ciciline failed without justification to preserve Hernandez's right of appeal by failing to file notice in a timely fashion, Hernandez will be entitled to a writ of habeas corpus under 2255 securing his right to pursue the appeal from his conviction. In all other respects, we affirm the District Court's denial of the petition.
Conclusion
The judgment is vacated and the matter remanded to the District Court for further proceedings.
Notes:
Milton Pollack, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York. Sitting by designation.
