DAMON PHINEAS JORDAN v. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Record No. 121835
SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA
September 12, 2013
OPINION BY JUSTICE DONALD W. LEMONS
PRESENT: All the Justices
In this аppeal, we consider whether the Court of Appeals of Virginia (“Court of Appeals“) erred in holding that the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction of Damon Phineas Jordan (“Jordan“) for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of
I. Facts and Proceedings
Jordan was tried by a jury in the Circuit Court of the City of Virginia Beach (“trial court“) upon indictments charging carjacking, use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, eluding police, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. At trial, Matthew Arrowood (“Arrowood“) testified that he drove his father to a neighborhood convenience storе in Virginia Beach at approximately 11:00 p.m. on June 28, 2009, and parked in front of the store. Arrowood was thirteen years old on the night in question. While Arrowood‘s father was inside, Jordan approached the driver‘s side window and began asking Arrowood questions about how old he was, how long he had been driving, and where he lived. Arrowood testified that when he
Arrowood testified that the object Jordan pointed at him was a small silver pistol. Arrowood stated that he was familiar with handguns because his father was in the military, and that this appeared to be a silver semiautomatic pistol. Arrowood identified it as a “Raven,” a particular type of small pistol with which he was familiar. Arrowood admitted on cross-examination that he could not say for certain that the object was not a toy gun. On re-direct he was asked, “Did it look like a toy gun to you?” and he responded, “[a] reаlly detailed [one] if it was.”
Arrowood testified that after Jordan pointed the gun at his head, he got out of the truck and ran behind the convenience store. Jordan got in the truck and drove away. Arrowood then ran inside the store, and he and his father contacted police. Jordan was apprehended by police shortly thereafter, but no weapon was recovered.
Jordan was convicted of carjacking, use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, eluding police, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The only conviction at issue in this appeal is possession of а firearm by a convicted felon. Jordan concedes that he is a convicted felon.
Jordan filed a petition for appeal with this Court, and we awarded him an appeаl on the following assignment of error:
The trial court and the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the evidence was sufficient to support appellant‘s conviction for possession of the firearm by a convicted felon because there was no evidence showing that appellant possеssed an actual firearm and not an instrument of similar appearance.
II. Analysis
A. Standard of Review
We apply a de novo standard of review when addressing a question of statutory construction. Harris v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 409, 413, 650 S.E.2d 89, 91 (2007). When considering the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction, we examine the evidence in the light most favorable tо the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial, granting it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Dowden v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 459, 461, 536 S.E.2d 437, 438 (2000). The Court will only reverse the judgment of the trial court if the judgment is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. Startin v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 374, 379, 706 S.E.2d 873, 876 (2011). If the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction, the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment for that of the trier of fact, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the trier of fact. Id. at 379, 706 S.E.2d at 876-77.
B. Possession of a Firearm
[i]t shall be unlawful for (i) any person who has been convicted of a felony ... to knowingly and intentionally possess or transport any firearm or ammunition for a firearm, any stun weapon as defined by
§ 18.2-308.1 , or any explosive material, or to knowingly and intentionally carry about his person, hidden from common observation, any weapon described in subsection A of§ 18.2-308 .
In Startin, we further clarified that definition by explaining that a replica gun and a BB gun would not be sufficient to convict а person under
In Redd v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 256, 511 S.E.2d 436 (1999), the defendant entered a convenience store and placed what appeared to be a “long, black gun” on the counter, and ordered the clerk to give her all the money from the register. Id. at 258, 511 S.E.2d at 437. Redd stated that she would kill the clerk if an alarm were activated. Id. In Redd, the Court of Appeals held that the defendant‘s threat to kill the clerk was an implied assertion that the object she held was a firearm. When coupled with the clerk‘s description of the object, the evidence was sufficient to sustain the defendant‘s conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Id. at 259, 511 S.E.2d at 438.
We confirm that the holding in Redd is still the law of this Commonwealth. In Redd, the defendant‘s threat to kill the clerk was an implied assertion that the object was a firearm.
Arrowood specifically identified the object as a “Raven.” A Raven is a wеll-known, compact, .25 caliber semi-automatic pistol that is commonly referred to as a “Saturday Night Special,” and can easily be concealed. See United States v. Sanders, 994 F.2d 200, 202 (5th Cir. 1993); Burks v. State, 876 S.W.2d 877, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). The reference to a “Raven” indicates a specific weapon that was designed, made, and intended to fire or expel а projectile by means of an explosion. A Raven pistol clearly meets the definition of a firearm as set out in Armstrong.
Arrowood‘s ability to identify a Raven pistol was subject to cross-examination. The determination of how much weight to give to his identification of the object as a Raven pistol was a mattеr for the trier of fact.
We are mindful of the precise question we are required to address when considering an appeal alleging insufficiency of the evidence.
When analyzing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevаiling party at trial and considers
any reasonable inferences from the facts proved. The judgment of the trial court will only be reversed upon a showing that it “is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.”
Wilson v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 19, 27, 630 S.E.2d 326, 330 (2006) (quoting
In this case the jury found Arrowood‘s testimony to be competent and believable. The trier of fact was entitled to consider the totality of the evidence including Arrowood‘s direct testimony identifying the weapon and Jordan‘s conduct which included pointing that weapon to Arrowood‘s head and demanding that Arrowood get out of the truck. It was within the province of the jury to conclude that Jordan‘s conduct was an implied assertion that the object he held was a firearm. We may not substitute our judgment for that of the jury unless no reasonable juror could have come to this conclusion.
III. Conclusion
Accordingly, we will affirm the Court of Appeals’ judgment holding that the evidence was sufficient to support Jordan‘s conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
Affirmed.
DAMON PHINEAS JORDAN v. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Record No. 121835
SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA
September 12, 2013
JUSTICE POWELL, with whom JUSTICE GOODWYN and JUSTICE MILLETTE join, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
“Undoubtedly, in criminal cases, the burden of establishing guilt rests on the prosecutiоn from the beginning to the end of the trial.” Agnew v. United States, 165 U.S. 36, 49-50 (1897). “[W]e will not sustain a trial court‘s judgment that is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Brickhouse v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 682, 686, 668 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2008). “‘Suspicion of guilt, however strong, or even a probability of guilt, is insufficient to support a conviction.‘” Rogers v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 307, 317, 410 S.E.2d 621, 627 (1991) (quoting Cheng v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. 26, 42, 393 S.E.2d 599, 608 (1990)). Thus, the Commonwealth had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the object Jordan pointed at Arrowood was an instrument that was designed, made, and intended to expel a projectile by means of explosion and not merely an object that had the appearance of one. See Startin,
Despite the certitude of Arrowood‘s identification of the object as а Raven pistol, I believe that the Commonwealth failed to prove that the object Jordan used was a firearm within the meaning of
During questioning by the Commonwealth, Arrowood testified
[Jordan] pointed a gun at me and told me to get out of the truck.
[Commonwealth:] Could you describe the gun that he pointed at you?
[Arrowood:] Like a small pistol. It was silver.
[Commonwealth:] You say a pistol. Your dad . . . is or was in the military?
[Arrowood:] Uh-huh.
[Commonwealth:] So you have some familiarity with handguns?
[Arrowood:] Yes, sir.
[Commonwealth:] And you‘ve fired handguns before?
[Arrowood:] Yes, sir.
[Commonwealth:] All right. Were you able to recognize -- you said -- you described it as a pistol. What do you mean as a pistol?
[Arrowood:] Like a semiautomatic pistol.
[Commonwealth:] All right. What color was it?
[Arrowood:] Silver.
. . . .
[Commonwealth:] Could you tell what it was?
[Arrowood:] Yes, sir.
[Commonwealth:] And what was it?
[Arrowood:] It was a -- like a Raven pistol.
[Commonwealth:] Okay. That‘s a type of pistol?
[Arrowood:] It‘s a small pistol.
[Commonwealth:] And that you are familiar with?
[Arrowood:] Yes, sir.
(emphasis added). When asked on redirect examination whether the instrument “look[ed] like a toy gun,” Arrowood responded, “[a] really detailed toy gun if it was.”
There was no physical evidence presented regarding the object or its usе. It is undisputed that Arrowood never used or examined the instrument that Jordan pointed at him. It is also undisputed that there was no testimony from anyone who had used
Thus, Arrowood‘s testimony based solely on his brief observation of the object is insufficient as a matter of law to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the instrument was designed, made, and intended to expel a projectile by means of an explosion. Indeed, I believe his testimony is no different than simply describing the object as a gun, because it is merely an opinion based on casuаl observation. Demonstrating that he knew the well-known brand or model name of a small, silver handgun in no way bolsters his testimony regarding whether what he saw was a real gun or a replica.
It is almost impossible for an observer, no matter how experienced, to look at an object and know that it is an instrument designed, made, and intended to expel a projectile by means of an explosion. Indeed, our ruling in Startin makes clear that whether an instrument was designed, made, and intended to fire or expel a projectile by means of an explosion cannot be discerned by merely looking at the instrument.*
Evidence demonstrating that the object was designеd, made, and intended to expel a projectile by means of an explosion is
The majority upholds the trial court‘s conviction based solely on a witness‘s belief that an instrument looked like an
Here, we have only the uncorroborated description of an unknown object made by a young boy after viewing the objеct for mere seconds. Without more, such as physical evidence or testimony of an individual who has examined or used the instrument, such observation testimony is insufficient as a matter of law to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that an instrument was designed, made, and intended to expel a projectile by means of an explosion. See Startin, 281 Va. at 377, 706 S.E.2d at 876.
I recognize that the difference between the statutes governing use of a firearm during the commission of a felony,
Because the burden of proof in criminal cases has cоnstitutional status, any conviction that rests upon legally insufficient evidence is a denial of due process. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 309 (1979); Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 512, 578 S.E.2d 781, 785 (2003). I would reverse Jordan‘s conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.