Lead Opinion
ORDER DENYING PETITIONS FOR REHEARING AND REHEARING EN BANC AND OPINION
ORDER
This court’s previous opinion, filed on April 18, 2002, and published at
Judges O’Scannlain and Silverman have voted to deny the petition for rehearing en banc, and Judge Reed so recommends. The petition for rehearing en banc was circulated to the full court, and no judge requested a vote on the petition. Fed. R.App. P. 35.
OPINION
This case presents a difficult question: can officers be held liable for an allegedly unlawful search when there is no, direct evidence of their individual participation? We conclude that in this case they cannot. This case also presents a difficult situation: a search of a house, pursuant to a warrant, that results in the destruction of personal property. Our reaction to the situation is great sympathy for Betty Jones.
On April 1, 1995, officers from the Los Angeles Police Department (hereinafter “LAPD”) arrived at Betty Jones’s (hereinafter “Jones”) house in Los Angeles. The officers were part of “Operation Sunrise,” the name given to a massive group of searches in homes to locate weapons and contraband related to various gangs. Jones’s house was selected for search because of allegations that certain residents of her house had an affiliation with the 8 Trey Gangster Crips, one of the gangs targeted in Operation Sunrise. These searches were all conducted with warrants. The police were given the criminal history of the people residing in the houses where the raids were to be conducted, and the locations were graded on various risk factors. The police testified that they took different actions based on their understanding of the risk posed at each locationl
On the morning of the search of Jones’s house the officers announced their presence through a bullhorn and with two telephone calls. When the residents did not respond, the officers attempted to break down the door with a sledgehammer. Their first try was unsuccessful, and before they could try again, Jones’s son, LeRoy Bowling (“Bowling”), opened the door. The officers entered the house and removed Bowling, William Arnold, and Ronald Dominguez to secure the house. After the house was secured, but before the search was completed, the men were brought back into the house where they sat on the couch and watched the officers continue to search the house. From their vantage point they watched the officers search the living room," and the dining room. The men could see into a hallway, but they could not tell what happened in the bedrooms.
When the officers completed their search the house was a mess. The officers did not clean the house before they left. Jones returned from work to find her house in shambles. She filed a complaint with the LAPD about the search, and then filed a lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 claiming that the officers had violated her Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights by conducting an unreasonable search of her house.
At trial the officers testified to the actions they took in the house. The officers admitted that they moved furniture, opened doors and drawers, moved pictures, broke a lock on a closet door, moved clothes and auto parts around, moved knickknacks, photographs, and books, and broke drawers off a dresser. After an eight-day trial, the jury found that none of the officers had searched the house in an unreasonable manner.
Jones appeals the verdict,
ANALYSIS
We review the district court’s formulation of the jury instructions for abuse of discretion. Monroe v. City of Phoenix,
Jones argues that she needed a jury instruction on group liability because the officers escorted all of the residents out of the house before they began to search, and, therefore, there were no witnesses to contradict the denials of the officers. Jones is specifically concerned that all officers denied responsibility for the condition of the living room, and that all officers denied urinating in the iron. The district court rejected Jones’s proposed group liability instructions. On appeal, Jones claims that the district court’s rejection of her instructions was reversible error because failure to give the instructions deprived her of the ability to hold the officers liable for the unreasonable search.
1. 42 U.S.C. § 1983
42 U.S.C. § 1983 creates a cause of action against a person who, acting under color of state law, deprives another of rights guaranteed under the Constitution. Section 1983 does not create any substantive rights; rather it is the vehicle whereby plaintiffs can challenge actions by governmental officials. To prove a case under section '1983, the plaintiff must demonstrate that (1) the action occurred “under color of state law” and (2) the action resulted in the deprivation of a constitutional right or federal statutory right. Parratt v. Taylor,
In order for a person acting under color of state law to be liable under section 1983 there must be a showing of personal participation in the alleged rights deprivation: there is no respondeat superior liability under section 1983. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,
is an improper alternative, grounds [sic] for liability. It removes individual liability as the issue and allows a jury to find a defendant liable on the ground that even if the defendant had no role in the unlawful conduct, he would nonetheless be guilty if the conduct was the result of a “team effort.”
Id. at 295. With this legal framework in place, we consider each of Jones’s instructions below.
2. Jones’s proposed jury instructions
a. Proposed Instruction 1:
When a plaintiff cannot specifically state which defendant police officers engaged in an unreasonable search of a plaintiffs residence, but there is evidence to specify that certain defendants were among the police officers who were inside plaintiffs residence, and the officers agree they are among the officers who were present, the jury can reasonably infer that the named officers were participants in the alleged unlawful conduct. Jones’s support for this instruction is Rutherford v. City of Berkeley,780 F.2d 1444 , 1448 (9th Cir.1986).2 In Rutherford, the plaintiff alleged that while he was standing outside a Berkeley residence hotel three police officers threw him to the ground and punched, kicked, and handcuffed him. Id. at 1445. The defendants denied assaulting Rutherford but admitted they handcuffed him and placed him under arrest. Id. Rutherford was not certain which of the three officers actually punched or kicked him while he was on the ground, but he testified that he saw each of their faces while he was being assaulted. Id. There, we held that the district court erred when it granted a directed verdict for defendants because there was sufficient evidence for the jury to reasonably infer that the three officers participated in the beating of Rutherford. Id. at 1448.
Jones argues strenuously that she needed this instruction to allow the jury to draw an inference that although there was no evidence that identified any particular officer who caused the destruction in her living room and the urine smell in her iron, the officers who were present in her house during the search were individually liable for the damage.
We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to give this instruction. The instruction swept too broadly, inviting the jury to find liability where our caselaw does not permit it. Moreover, to the extent that an instruction on group liability was necessary or appropriate, the district court gave other instructions that enabled the jury to consider that issue adequately.
In this case, unlike Rutherford, the district court let the case go to the jury on the facts presented. Allowing the case to go to the jury followed our holding in Rutherford, in which we held that the jury should have been allowed to draw inferences about the liability of the individual officers based on Rutherford’s testimony. Id. Even though the officers denied causing the damage to Jones’s living room, the jury in Jones’s case was allowed to draw reasonable inferences from the officers’ testimony, Bowling’s testimony, and the other evidence as to whether the officers should have been held individually liable. The permissible inferences in Jones’s proposed instruction were adequately covered by the fact that the court submitted the case to the jury, and, as we explain below, by the instructions.
We decline to require an instruction that would invite a jury to find all of the officers liable for an alleged constitutional violation merely for being present at the scene of an alleged unlawful act. Contrary to our decision in Chuman, Jones’s proposed instruction would have permitted the jury to find the individual officers liable for merely being present at the scene of the search. According to Chuman, a “team effort”
Besides the destruction in her living room, the other incident that Jones claimed required a group liability instruction was the urine smell in the iron. Jones claimed that when she went to iron her
The judge’s decision not to give Jones’s proposed instruction with regard to the alleged unreasonable search was not error for another reason: the judge gave the jury instructions that properly covered the law. See Brewer v. City of Napa,
The judge also gave instructions that would allow the jury to consider the interplay of two or more officers in a deprivation of constitutional rights. First, the judge gave Jones’s “conspiracy instruction.”
The jury had instructions that permitted it to find liability for individual officers and instructions that adequately covered the idea of liability for members of a searching team. Neither Rutherford nor Chuman permits an instruction that holds individual officers who were merely present at the house liable for this incident. Because we require individual participation, not simply being present or being a member of a team, the failure of the district court to give Jones’s proposed instruction was not reversible error.
Much to the contrary, allowing the jury to find individual officers liable when there is no evidence to link them to specific actions would have been erroneous as a matter of law. Chuman,
b. Proposed Instruction 2:
No matter whose actions ultimately inflicted the plaintiffs injury, when the deprivation of rights is the result of a team effort all members of the team may be held liable.
Jones’s instruction relies on Gutierrez-Rodriguez v. Cartagena,
Jones’s proposed “team effort” instruction does not include Chuman’s requirement of first finding some integral participation or individual involvement in unlawful conduct. Therefore, the instruction was an incorrect statement of law in the Ninth Circuit, and the district court was correct in rejecting it.
c. Proposed Instruction 3:
An officer who is present until a search is completed and the seized items removed from the premises may be held liable under section 1983. An officer who remains armed on the premises throughout a search may be held liable under section 1983. An officer who guards a detainee outside while a search proceeds may be held liable under section 1983 because his activities are integral to the search and renders [sic] him a participant. An officer who provides backup may be held liable under section 1983.
Jones’s authority for this instruction is James ex rel. James v. Sadler,
Our analysis has shown that holding an officer liable who was merely present at the search is not permissible. In this case Jones cannot rely on James to state that simply because an officer remains armed during a search, he is a participant and therefore liable for any violations. The evidence in this case did not indicate that those officers who simply remained outside were integral participants in the “unlawful conduct,” that is, the destruction of personal property and the manner in which Jones’s house was searched. Therefore, as a matter of law, the district court did not err when it refused to give this instruction.
CONCLUSION
Jones proposed three instructions that were properly rejected by the district court. The permissible inference in her first instruction was covered when the case went to the jury, and the instructions given by the district court adequately covered all of the multiple actor issues in the case. Jones’s second instruction was a misstatement of law in the Ninth Circuit. Her third instruction sought to impose liability based simply on the job category, a violation of our requirement that integral participation and individual liability be proved in every case. We reject the idea that mere presence at a search or membership in a group, without personal involvement in and a causal connection to the unlawful act, can create liability under section 1983.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Notes
. In addition, Jones claims that misconduct on the part of the defense attorney, Paul Pa-quette (“Paquette”), was so pervasive that it deprived her of a fair trial. This part of the case and the claim of a preserved Monell issue are disposed of in an unpublished mem
. The holding in Rutherford that expressed a four-part test to determine if the individual officers acted in good faith has since been abrogated by Graham v. Connor,
. Although Jones's proposed instruction is not a pure "group liability” or "team effort” instruction, our holding in Chuman, that prevents a finding of liability without establishing that each named defendant was a participant in the alleged unlawful conduct, still applies.
. The actual text of the three supervisory liability instructions is as follows: (1) "A supervisory police officer may be held liable for actions of subordinates if subordinate wrong- , doing is known to the supervisory officer;” (2) “A supervisoiy official may be held liable in his individual capacity if he approved, condoned, or ratified, or encouraged the kind of unconstitutional conduct of which the complaint is made;” and (3) "A supervisor may be held liable under the Civil Rights Act where it is shown that he participated in or directed the unlawful conduct or if he sets in motion a series of acts by others which he knew or should have known could cause others to inflict the constitutional injury."
. Jones's instruction stated: "Anyone who commands, directs, advises, encourages, procures, instigates, promotes, controls, aids, or abets a wrongful act by another is regarded by the law as being just as responsible for the wrongful act as the one who actually committed it.”
. The instruction stated: "[M]any factors or things or the conduct of two or more persons can operate at the same time either independently or together to cause injury or damage and in such a case each may be a proximate cause."
. There may be times when a group liability instruction would be proper in the search of the house. Such an instruction would likely mirror a typical “res ipsa loquitur” instruction and require that the actions of the police officers deprive the victim of any chance to learn exactly which officer took what actions in the house; that is that the house was under the “exclusive control” of the officers. Jones's house was under the officers’ exclusive control in that Bowling, Arnold and Dominguez were handcuffed and forced to remain on the couch and the officers could do as they pleased. But the house was not under their exclusive control such that the officers were the only ones who knew what occurred during the search. We decline to require an instruction that would invite a jury to find all of the officers liable for an alleged constitutional violation under these facts. Jones had detailed testimony from the officers as to their personal participation in the search and eyewitnesses to the search of the living room.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in the judgment:
I respectfully concur in the result. I write separately because, in my view, the Rutherford instruction submitted by the plaintiff was a correct statement of the law. It was properly refused only because it was not justified by the evidence. Specifically, the evidence at trial was not susceptible of the interpretation that the damage occurred while no one but the officers was present. To the contrary, the residents testified to what they say they witnessed the police officers doing. The police officers gave their opposing version of the story, and it was for the jury to decide which to believe.
As a general rule, a res ipsa-type instruction can be given in a case such as this if: first, the defendants are uniquely positioned, to the exclusion of others, to know the circumstances that caused the plaintiffs injury; and second, the injury would not normally occur without wrongdoing on the defendants’ part. See Reber v. United States,