Jones v. Riverside Bridge Co.

70 W. Va. 374 | W. Va. | 1912

Lead Opinion

POEEBNBARGER, JUDGE:

On this writ of error to a judgment for $1,016.67, the amount of a verdict rendered, the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict was raised by a request for a peremptory instruction to find for the defendant. The principle, governing the disposition of the assignment of error founded npon the refusal of that instruction, will solve most of the other questions presented.

The plaintiff below was injured by the fall of a board, while employed in and about the work of constructing a building, several stories high, in the city of Wheeling. The action was not brought against his employer nor the owner of the building, , but against a contractor engaged in the installment of the steel work of the building. The servants of the structural iron company, the defendant, were placing a steel beam or girder for the fourth floor of the building, and the plaintiff, employed by the brick work contractor, was in the basement, handling some pieces of terra cotta, when he sustained the injury. Just what he was doing at the instant of the fall of the board does not appear, but he was on duty in the basement. Another servant of his employer was hauling the terra cotta to the front of the building and sliding it into the basement and he was carrying or wheeling it back from the front. Who let or caused the board to fall is not expressly shown. Nothing in this connection is disclosed except that it came from the fourth floor and that, at that time, the servants of the defendant company were working on that floor, or rather where it was intended to be. One witness says, “They were throwing in a beam; getting ready to place one. * * * * They were adjusting this platform on the fourth floor. They had boards laid around.” Another witness says it came from “upon top somewhere,” and that a gang of bridge men were working where it came from. Another witness says it came from about the fourth tier of iron or the ceiling of the third floor and that the structural iron workers were working on that floor. RTo witness states specifically that any other persons were on that floor, but one witness said, responding to a question as to whether any persons were working between the fourth floor and the first: “Yes, sir, they was working all over the floors.” The defendant company had its hoisting engine in the basement, and, for about 12 feet back from the street, no flooring of any kind had been put in for any of the stories. Back of the 12 foot space, some fire proofing had been laid on some of the floors, but how much space was so covered is not shown. In this 12 foot space at the front of the building, there seems to have been nothing to break or prevent the fall of any object and the board by which the plaintiff was injured seems to have come down through it. This open space or some other was no doubt needed for the work of hoisting materials. 'Some testimony was adduced to the effect that, under such conditions, the contractor putting in the steel work does not lay any floors below the workmen to prevent tools and materials from falling, even though other persons are working below, and that such articles frequently fall in the course of the work.

The trial court disposed of the ease upon the theory that the lack of evidence, showing just how the board happened to fall, is aided by a presumption or inference of negligence, which the jury might draw, under the rule res ipsa loquitur, applied in several cases by this Court, notably Bice v. Electrical Co., 62 W. Va. 685, and Snyder v. Electrical Co., 43 W. Va. 661. The argument against the application of this doctrine is based largely ujjon the definition of tire rule or doctrine stated in the syllabi of the two eases just cited, embodying certain specifications of conditions under which it is applicable, and the assumption that every ease falling under the principle must come within those specifications. Accordingly it is said the agency causing the injury must be definitely known, and appear to have been under the management and control of the defendant, and the occurrence such as, in the ordinary course of things, does not happen, if proper care is used by those who have the management. The language of this Court thus .relied upon, does not purport to be a general definition of the rule. It is rather an application of the rule to the particular facts and circumstances of the cases. The principle is broader. "When the physical facts of an accident themselves create a reasonable probability that it resulted from negligence, the physical facts themselves are evidential, and furnish what the law terms evidence of negligence in conformity with the maxim, Ves ispa loquitur’ ”. Seybott v. Railroad Co., 95 N. Y. 562, quoted in Snyder v. Electrical Co. “1 have ventured to call it demonstrative evidence of negligence; for, although the evidence must always be detailed by the mouths of witnesses, yet when the' facts are thus disclosed, they either demonstrate negligence, conclusively, or tend to demonstrate it, subject to explanation by the defendant, showing that his conduct was consistent with, due care.” 1 Thomp. Keg., sec. 15, p. 16. “Where an accident itself, with all its surroundings, speaks in such way and is of such character as to show negligence on the part of the defendant, the doctrine res ipsa loquitur applies and the plaintiff is allowed to recover in the absence of other proof.” Wood v. Railway Co., 64 Atl. Rep. 246. However, we perceive no difficulty in applying the terms of the supposed definition to the facts here disclosed. The board was the agency causing the injury. Ordinarily, -a board is not a dangerous article, but, under given circumstances, it may be very dangerous. If a board be insufficiently suspended or fixed over a street or walk for some purpose so that it may fall upon a pedestrian passing under it, it is a dangerous agency and is under the management or control of him who maintains it there in an insecure condition. So a board in the bands of a workman at the top of a four-story building is a dangerous agency to other persons passing under it in the discharge of their duties. Owing to the peculiar circumstances and the very great danger of injury in case it should fall, a very high degree of care is exacted on the part of him who holds it, just as in the case of one who erects or constructs a fixture over a road or passage way, likely to be used by travelers or other persons. The duty imposed under such circumstances is so great that ordinarily it is not omitted and injury does not result. Hence, when injury does result, there is a probability of omission of the care, prudence and diligence exacted by law. Instances of the application of the doctrine are given in Snyder v. Electrical Co. as follows: “Mulcairns v. City of Janesville, 67 Wis. 24, (29 N. W. 904), — wall of a cistern falling; Dixon v. Pluns, 98 Cal. 384, (33 Pac. 268),— chisel falling from a scaffold; Houston v. Brush, 66 Yt. 331, (29 Atl. 380), — injury from being struck by a wheel from a tackle block, attached to a derrick; note in Railroad Co. v. Anderson, (Md.) 20 Am. St. Rep. p. 193 (s. c. 20 Atl. 2); Thomas v. Telegraph Co., 100 Mass. 156, — telegraph wire swinging over a street too low, so as to obstruct travel; Clare v. Bank, 1 Sweeney, 539, — injury from ¡dank falling from one’s premises; Howser v. Railroad Co., (Md.) 30 Atl. 906, — cross-tie falling from a moving car; Ugla v. Railway Co., (Mass.) 35 N. E. 1126; Morris v. Strobel & Wilken Co., 81 Hun. 1 (30 N. Y. Supp. 571), — sign board falling in street.” Application of the doctrine in cases of the class to which the one now under consideration belongs will be found in Guldseth v. Carlin, 19 App. Dir. Rep. (N. Y.) 588; Reilly v. Construction Co., 83 Hun. 196; Thrussell v. Handyside, L. R. 20 Q. B. D. 359; and Sheridan v. Foley, 58 N. J. L. 230.

As to whether the board working the injury complained of was under the management or control of the defendant’s servants, the evidence is not direct .and positive, as will appear from the statement already given. It is readily inferable, however, from the facts stated. Defendant’s servants were working at the point or place from which the board fell and using boards in connection with their work. Yo reason is perceived why evidence sufficient to sustain a finding by the jury that the agency working the injury was under the control of the defendant should not suffice to establish the facts as in other cases. It is a question for the jury rather than for the court.- We do not understand the rule to require conclusive evidence of control or management of the agency by the defendant.

The declaration fully sets forth the facts and circumstances, here stated, and specifies the means or agency by which the injury was inflicted, charging it to have been negligently done. This malees it clearly good under our decisions, and the surplus-age therein, if any, does not vitiate it. So the demurrer was properly overruled.

Exception was taken to the action of the court in giving three of the plaintiff’s instructions, under the-impression that they assumed certain facts. One of these stated the duty of the defendant to exercise care for the safety of the men known to be working in the basement of the building and afford the plaintiff reasonable protection “from objects caused to fall from the fourth floor by the negligence of the agents, servants and employes of the defendant.” Another stated the duty of the defendant to give the plaintiff reasonable warning “of the objects caused to fall from the fourth floor by its servants, agents or employes.” These instructions did not assume that the defendant’s servants caused the board inflicting the injury to fall. They stated the duty of the defendant under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence. Not mentioning the board which caused the injury, they stated the general duty of the defendant to take precaution against injury from falling objects. We do not think the jury could have considered the language used as importing that the defendant’s servants had caused the board to fall. The other instruction complained of allowed the jury to consider the health and condition of the plaintiff before the injury as compared with his “condition in consequence of said injury” at the time of the trial. All the evidence adduced rev lating to the plaintiff’s physical condition at the time of the trial tended to show a continuance of the effect of the injury he had received. Nothing was adduced in contradiction thereof. He proved it by his own testimony and that of a physician. The assumption in the instruction is the relation of his condition to the injury, not the extent of the impairment of health or physical capacity. As to the latter, nothing was taken'from the jury. As the fact assumed is sustained by direct, positive and uncontradicted evidence, we perceive no error in the assumption thereof.

Six several instructions, propounding inquiries as to whether the defendant had exercised reasonable care for the safety of the plaintiff and whether the latter had assumed the risk of injury in the manner in which it occurred or the injury was accidental, were requested by the defendant and refused by the court. In thus disposing of these requests, the court must have considered the evidence conclusive on the question of liability or as having established a legal presumption of negligence, precluding inquiry as to accidental injury or assumption of risk. This is $ misapprehension of the effect of the rule. Under it, the evidence only carries the case to the jury, as sufficing to justify an inference of negligence. Duhme v. Packett Co., 184 N. Y. 404; Griffen v. Manice, 166 N. Y. 188; Ross v. Cotton Mills, 140 N. C. 113, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 298; Judson v. Powder Co., 107 Cal. 549. The rule is a mere application of the law of circumstantial evidence. The evidence goes to the jury for such inferences as may arise out of the facts disclosed, and each party is entitled to instructions, submitting the hypotheses in his favor for which any basis is found in the evidence. Our own cases as well as the definitions ■ of the rule found elsewhere say no more than that the circumstances constitute evidence, tending to prove negligence. Both the Snyder and Bice Oases say the facts, unexplained, afford “reasonable evidence” that the injury arose from want of due care, not that they are conclusive, inhibiting any other theory. There may be, and no doubt are, cases in which the circumstances are conclusive, allowing only one inference, and so precluding instructions favorable to the defendant, but this evidence is not of that character. If there is a contractual relation, as between passenger and carrier, the circumstances unexplained are generally conclusive, when sufficient to take the case to the jury, but this case involves no breach of contract. Here a witness says men were working all over the floors. Boards were placed on the beams on all the floors to enable workmen to got around over them. Another says bricks and other objects were falling frequently. The plain tiff himself says he 'would have been out of danger had he stepped four or five feet in one direction, instead of running twrenty feet in another; Another witness says the defendant was conducting its work in the customary manner, and all agree that warning was given when the board fell. Under all these circumstances, we are unable to say there wras no basis in the evidence for an inference of assumption of risk or accidental injury. The request for these instructions did not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a verdict for the defendant. It only asked the court to say whether there was any evidence of any kind appreciably tending to sustain the hypotheses, embodied in the instructions. Newhouse v. Railroad Co., 62 W. Va. 562; State v. Clifford, 59 W. Va. 1. Ho peremptory instruction to find for the plaintiff was asked. Upon these principles, wre think the court erred in refusing defendant’s instructions Hos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

Defendant’s instruction Ho. 10, requiring the jury and each member thereof to believe the defendant liable beyond a. reasonable doubt, as requisite to a verdict for the plaintiff, was properly overruled. Ordinarily, the reasonable doubt rule does not apply to civil cases. Simmons v. Insurance Co., 8 W. Va. 474. There are exceptional cases in which it does apply. Brockenbrough v. Spindle, 17 Grat. 21; Greenhow v. Harris, 6 Munf. 472; Swayne v. Riddle, 37 W. Va. 291; Hall v. N. & W. Ry. Co., 44 W. Va. 36, but this is not one of that class.

Defendant’s instruction No. 11, as originally tendered, objectionable in its requirement of “weighty proof” of plaintiff’s inability to escape injury, was amended by the court, so as to eliminate that, and also an additional requirement that each juror must find a preponderance of evidence in favor of the plaintiff, in order to justify a verdict for him. To the giving of the instruction as so amended the defendant objected -and, after further amending it, so as to restore requirement of belief on the part of each juror, again offered it, and the court refused to give it as last amended, because it had not been presented to plaintiff’s attorney for inspection after the final alteration thereof. We think there was no error in this. The court may prescribe and enforce reasonable rules for the regulation of practice at its bar.

For the errors noted, the judgment will be reversed, the verdict set aside and a new trial awarded. The request for judgment here must be denied, since we reverse for error in the course of the trial and it does not appear that a good case cannot be made on another trial.

Reversed, and New Trial Awarded.

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Dissenting Opinion

Williams, Judge,

(dissenting) :

I do not think it was error to refuse defendant’s instructions. The falling of the board upon plaintiff is prima facie proof of defendant’s negligence, under the ride res ipsa loquitur, and, in the absence of any explanation of the cause of its falling, established plaintiff’s right to recover, provided he was not negligent himself; and there is no evidence that he was. If plaintiff had asked for a peremptory instruction directing the jury to find for him, the court should have given it; or, if on the facts proven, the jury had found for defendant, it would have been the duty of the court to set it aside, on motion of plaintiff, because it would have been clearly against evidence. This is not a case involving conflict of evidence, which would give the jury the right to weigh and determine its relative value. The fact that the board fell from defendant’s working place upon plaintiff, and injured him, is not denied. The law says that such fact, unexplained, is prima facie proof of negligence, and casts the burden upon defendant to rebut it. No attempt was made to discharge that burden, and, under the rules of evidence, plaintiffs case was as fully established as if negligence had been proven by the most direct testimony. His proof was full and complete, because it was not denied, the presumptive negligence was not explained. How can it be logically said that defendant is prejudiced by the refusal of the court to give its instructions, when there is no evidence on which to predicate them; and, if their refusal works no prejudice, why should this Court reverse the judgment ? The refusal was harmless error, if error at all. But I say it was not error, because there is not a particle of evidence contradicting the legal presumption of negligence arising from the fact of the falling of the board from defendant’s work place, without proof of any particular cause. It was incumbent on defendant to show that it' was not caused by its negligence. It did not discharge the burden, tlms shifted to it; and the rule res ipsa loquitur supplies what plaintiff could not, and did not actually prove, and says that the cause of the board’s falling was defendant’s negligence. If the jury are given no facts to which to apply legal principles, there is no duty on the court to instruct them as to the law. Cases are tried on law and fact, not on law alone, and if there are no facts to support a case there is no need to give the jury the law. The board that struck plaintiff was 2x12 inches x 16 feet. Defendant knew that men were working in the basement. They had a right to work there. The surroundings made it incumbent upon it to use greater care than if no one had been working below. When the board started to fall warning was given to those below, and plaintiff immediately ran to escape danger. It appears that he would not have been hurt if he had run in some other direction, but the board would not have fallen on him where he did take refuge, if it had not struck a girder on the first floor and broke, and a piece of it glanced over to where he was. There is nothing in his conduct, or in the circumstances proven, from which the jury could even infer that he was negligent.

Defendant could make but two defenses: (1) That the board did not fall for want of due care of its servants, and (2) that plaintiff Avas himself negligent. Defendant was not plaintiff’s master. No eontractnral relation existed between them, lienee the latv of assumption of risk has no application. One can not plead assumption of risk in defense of his own negligence, that is.against the policy of the law. As I see it, no other verdict could have been found. Because, in view of the facts established by proof, aided by a legal presumption, the rule res ipsa loquitur, negligence of defendant, as the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury, is established.