delivered the opinion of the court."
-■ This is а writ of error to the district court of the United States of the .district of Texas.
. The- plaintiff filed his petition in the' district ¡court, alleging that hé was seized in fee of a certain tract of land in the county of Refugio, on St. Joseph’s island^ in the State of Texas; beginning;-on said island, at the point nearest -the Aransas bar; thence in a northeasterly directipn with the sea-shore to the inlet from the sea into the bay ;■ thence north forty-five degrees west to the shore of the bay or lagoon; thence, with the meаnders of the bay, to the place of beginning; containing three and one-half leagues, be the same more or- less.. Thаt the defendants entered the" same by force and ejected the1 plaintiff.
And the petition further represents, that the рlaintiff haying possession' of several other tracts of lands of; which he was *80 seized, the defendants forcibly.entered and disрossessed him, &c.; and the petitioner prayed that after due trial, according to the forms of law, he may hav.e judgment fоr his damages aforesaid, for the recovery of the lands aforesaid.
The defendants plead that the court ought not to.take further cognizance of the action of the plaintiff, because they say that the plaintiff claims title under аnd through a pretended indenture, purporting to be made and entered into on the lltji of May, 1850, by a certain John Power, of thе county of Refugio,- and State of Texas, a certain James Hewetson, of the State of Coahuila, and Republic of Mexico, by his attorney in fact, James Power; and the. said James Power, acting for and in behalf of the representatives of Duncan S. Walker, deceased, of the one part, and Thomas M. League, of the city of Galveston, and State оf 'Texas aforesaid, of the other part, but really, and in-law and fact, only, by the said James Power, of the one part, and the plaintiff, of the other part; which said indenture purported to convey from James Power unto the plaintiff, his heirs and аssigns forever, the said tracts and parcels of land described in .the petition, and which the plaintiff seeks to recovеr in this action.
The said conveyance being made to the plaintiff in trust, for the following purposes: that the said League should commence all such suit, or suits, as might be necessary to settle the title to said lands, in the district court, and, should a decision be made adversely in said court, that he would-prosecute a writ of error or appeal to the supreme court of the United States; and when the litigation was finally determined, the said League w;ould convey two-thirds of. the land recovered, in which the . title should be settled, to said Power and' Hewetson, and the representatives of the said Walker, and their heirs and assigns; and, until such conveyances were made, should hold said lands for the benefit of said parties ; and the plaintiff agreed tо pay one-third of the expense of- litigation, and the expense before that time incurred, which it was agreed amоunted to one thousand dollars. - . -
And the defendants allege, that the said Power, at the time of the conveyance, ánd for years' before and ever since, has been a citizen of Texas;. and. that the said plaintiff has resided ip. the ■ State of Texas for twelve years, and is a citizen of that State. That before commencing suit.he went to Maryland and other States, and remained absent about four months, and on his return brought this suit as a citizen of - Maryland ; arid that the said conveyance, was cоlorable, and was made to give jurisdiction'to the court's of the United States.
Three other pleas were filed reprеsenting that the conveyance *81 was made by Power, a citizen of Texas, aud whet is the real plaintiff in the case, to givе jurisdiction tothe federal courts, and that Leagué is a nominal plaintiff.
The plaintiff admits, for the purposes of this cause, that the only legal title which he claims to have to the several tracts of land in his petition described, is that conveyed tо him by James Power, of the State of Texas. , " , .
A demurrer was filed to the first plea, and.issues joined as to the others.
At an early рeriod of this court, it .was held in some of the circuit courts, that the averment of citizenship, to give jurisdiction, must be .proved оn the general issue. And as a consequence of this view, if at any stage of the cause it appeared that the рlaintiff’s averment of citizenship was not .true, he failed in his suit. ■ But it is now held, and has been so held for many years, that if the.defendant disputеs the allegation of citizenship in the declaration, he must plead the fact in abatement of the suit; and that this must be donе in the order of pleading, as at common law. ' ' ;
In this case, jurisdiction is claimed by the citizenship of the parties. The plaintiff avers that he is a citizen of Maryland, and that the defendants are citizens of Texas.
In one of the pleas, it is averred that the plaintiff lived in ' Texas twelve years and upwards, and that, for the purpose of bringing this suit, he went to the State of Maryland, аnd was absent from Texas about four months.
The change of citizenship, even for the purpose of bringing a suit in the federal court, must be with the bond fide intention of becoming a citizen of the State to which the party removes. Nothing short of this can give him a right to suе in the federal courts, held' in the State from whence he removed. If League was not a citizen of Maryland, his short absenсe in that State, without a bond fide intention of changing his Citizenship, could give him nó right to prosecute this suit.
But it very clearly appears from thе deed of conveyance to the plaintiff, by Power, that it waá only colorable, as the suit was to be prosecuted for the benefit of the grantor, and the one-third of the lands to. be received by the plaintiff was in consideration that he shоuld pay one-third of the costs, and superintend the prosecution of the suit. ■ The owner of a tract of land may convey it in order that .the title may be tried in the federal courts, but the conveyance must be made bond fide, so that the prosecution of the suit shall not be for his benefit.
.The judgment, of the district court is reversed, for want of jurisdiction in that court.