Miller, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
When this case was last before this Court, it was decided that if Andrew D. Jones was in fact married either to Anne Smith or Frances Moore, during the life of Hennie, the mother of the appellant, Henry Jones, all mere presumption of a previous marriage of Andrew with Hennie, founded simply upon habit and repute is at once overthrown, and it then becomes incumbent upon the appel*398lant to establish the alleged marriage of his mother with Andrew as an actual fact, by more direct proof. 45 Md., 159. The reasoning upon which this decision rests, is that in such a case the presumption of a marriage arising from cohabitation and repute is met and overcome by the stronger presumption, that a man will not incur the guilt of felony and the danger which attends it by marrying another woman during the life of one to whom he had previously been lawfully married.
The appellant’s counsel has earnestly insisted that the authorities are at war with this position, and sustain the doctrine that the presumption arising from habit and repute alone maybe relied on, and is sufficient to establish a lawful marriage in all cases, save criminal prosecutions for bigamy or adultery, and actions of crim. con., which are penal in their nature. We think, however, that the ground taken in our former decision is well supported by authority, and well founded in reason. It is not strange that but few cases can be found in the books in which this precise question has arisen or been adjudicated. The decisions, however, of the Court of Queen’s Bench, of Upper Canada, if correctly stated, as we presume they are, in 1 Bishop on Mar. & Div., sec. 444, are directly in point and seem to have been well considered. The case of Taylor vs. Taylor, where two women severally claimed administration of the effects of a deceased as being his widow, was twice before the Ecclesiastical Court in England, and in the first instance the Court said there must be “ strict proof” of the alleged antecedent marriage, and that ‘ ‘ presumptions could not by law be made in favor of it,” (1 Lee, 571, in 5 Eng. Ecc. Rep., 454,) and in the second, “cohabitation alone, which only creates a presumption of marriage, is not sufficient to set aside an actual fact of marriage.” Again in King vs. Inhabitants of Twyning, 2 Barn. & Ald., 386, we find a very strong instance in which the presumption of innocence was held *399to prevail over another presumption. The case involved simply the settlement of a pauper. A woman had been married to a soldier, who soon after left for the East Indies. Within twelve months the woman married again, and the question turned upon the validity of the second marriage, and it was sustained: Bailey, J., said, “the facts of the case are that there is a marriage of the pauper with Francis Burns, which is prima facie valid, but the year before that took place she was the wife of Richard Winter, and if he was alive at the time of the second marriage, it was illegal and she was guilty of bigamy. But are we to presume that Winter was then alive? If the pauper had been indicted for bigamy, it would clearly not he sufficient. In that case Winter must have been proved to have been alive at the time of the second marriage. It is contended that his death ought to have been proved, hut the answer is that the presumption of law is, that he was not alive when the consequence of his being so is, that another person has committed a criminal act;” and Best, J., said “ where these conflicting presumptions exist, I think the Sessions were warranted in presuming the death of the first husband, on the ground that they could not presume that the woman had committed bigamy.” These decisions in England and Canada sustain, in our judgment, the position we have taken on this subject. In this country it must be admitted there is some conflict of decisions, and of judicial opinion ; hut it cannot, we think, he said that the preponderance of authority is the other way. In Poultney vs. Fairhaven, (Brayton’s Verm. Rep., 185,) which was also a pauper case, the question was whether the pauper woman Asenath was the wife of John Slyter, who swore he was lawfully married to her. To invalidate this marriage, the offer was first to prove by Asenath herself, that previous to the time when it was alleged she had married Slyter she was lawfully married to one Austin, who is now alive, but this testimony was rejected. The *400offer was then made to prove her marriage with Austin, by reputation and cohabitation with him as his wife, and that Austin was yet alive, but this testimony was also rejected. On appeal the point was distinctly presented by counsel that evidence of her marriage with Austin by reputation, ought to have been received, as it is admissible testimony in all cases except prosecutions for bigamy and actions of crim. con., but the Court said “she being prima facie the wife of Slyter, it was necessary a previous legal marriage should be proved to show she was not his legal wife ; cohabitation with Austin though sufficient to charge him, was not proper evidence to disprove her the wife of Slyter.” In Senser vs. Bower, 1 Penn. Rep., 450, which was an action of ejectment, it was said by Ch. J., Gibson, delivering the opinion of the Court, “for civil purposes, reputation and cohabitation are sufficient evidence of marriage; and there is evidently enough in the case to show that the plaintiff’s father and mother were married in fact. But there is said to be the same evidence of a precedent marriage of the mother with another man, who was alive at her second marriage; and hence a supposed dilemma. But the proof being equal, the presumption is in favor of innocence, and so far is this carried in the case of conflicting presumptions, that the one in favor of innocence shall prevail. It must be admitted that this principle is not immediately applicable here, inasmuch as there is no conflicting evidence, and the facts supposed to result are consistent with each other ; but it establishes that the same proof that is sufficient to raise a presumption of innocence, may be inadequate to a presumption of guilt.” It may be said this is a mere dictum,, but if so, it certainly is the dictum of a very eminent Judge, expressing the opinion of a very able Court, and is entitled to due weight as such. In Clayton vs. Wardell there was a contest over a share of a residuary estate, devised to the testator’s lawful issue, and the question turned upon the legitimacy of the claimant. *401When the case was before the Supreme Court, (5 Barb., 214,) that Court, by Edwards, J., delivered a very able opinion, holding that where there is evidence of an actual marriage, and the question is as to the legitimacy of a child of such marriage, the marriage will not be rendered illegal, nor the issue of it declared illegitimate hy proof of a prior marriage arising from cohabitation, reputation and the acknowledgment of the parties, and this is placed on the ground that proof of actual marriage is necessary to overcome the presumption which the law makes against crime or acts of a criminal nature. When the case came before the Court of Appeals, (4 Corns., 230,) a majority of the Judges, while declining to adopt the position assumed by the Supreme Court, seem to have rested their actual decision of the case upon the ground that the proof was not sufficient to establish the first alleged marriage, even if there had been no second actual marriage ; but one of them, Pratt, J., delivered a very vigorous opinion, taking the same position as that taken by the Supreme Court. This case was much relied on by the appellant’s counsel as sustaining his position, but it is cited by Mr. Bishop in sec. 446 of bis book upon Marriage and Divorce, as a seeming authority the other way. In the case of Jewell vs. Jewell, 1 Sow., 219, the question most discussed by counsel appears to have been whether by the laws of Georgia and South Carolina, a contract madq per verba de presentí, without cohabitation or per verba de futuro, and followed by consummation, amounts to a valid marriage, and equally binding as if made in facie ecclesice ; and on this question the Judges of the Supreme Court were equally divided in opinion. A contract of this character followed hy cohabitation for many years, and the birth of eight children, was relied on in that case to establish the first alleged marriage, notwithstanding a subsequent ceremonial marriage duly proved while the first husband was living. It must be conceded, however, that what was said by the Court *402upon the other points of the case, as to the admissibility of the acts and declarations of the parties during this long cohabitation, and that they lived together for so many years as man and wife, and treated and spoke of each other as such, to show that there had been an actual antecedent marriage between them, tends to support the contention of the appellant’s counsel, that evidence of habit and repute ought to have been admitted in this case. He has also cited for the same purpose and with equal success, the North Carolina case of Archer vs. Haithcock, 6 Jones’ Law Rep., 421, and the Kentucky case of Donnelly vs. Donnelly, 8 B. Monroe, 113 ; but both these cases are referred to by Mr. Bishop, in secs. 443 and 445, as at variance, as he believes, with the general English and American doctrine. One of the questions decided by the Supreme Court in the case of Gaines vs. Relf, et al., 12 How., 472, was that an actual ceremonial marriage could not be made void by the mere confession or declaration of one of the parties to it, that he had another wife living at the time ; and in disposing of this point the Court said : “ The great basis of human society throughout the civilized world, is founded on marriages and legitimate offspring; and to hold that either of the parties could by a mere declaration establish the fact that a marriage was void would be an alarming doctrine.” Finally, in the more recent case of Wyatt vs. Wyatt, 44 Ill., 473, where there was a proceeding to revoke letters of administration, which had been issued to the widow of a deceased party, on the ground that at the time of her marriage with the deceased, she had another husband living, it was held by the Court, Ch. J. Breese, delivering the opinion, that the proof of such former marriage, consisting simply of general report to that effect, and of the fact of cohabitation together as husband and wife, with one or more children born to them, is not sufficient to establish it.
We have thus at some length reviewed the authorities bearing on this question, and in view of them, and also in *403view of our previous decision in Denison vs. Denison, 35 Md., 361, as to what constitutes a legal marriage in this State, and of what we have said in Barnum vs. Barnum, 42 Md., 295, that in ordinary cases where reputation is relied on to raise the presumption of marriage, it must be founded on general, and not divided or singular opinion, we have no hesitation in adhering to our former decision in this case. While doing so, we accept and reaffirm the general doctrine, that if parties live together ostensibly as man and wife, demeaning themselves towards each other as such, and especially if they are received into society and treated by their friends and relations as having and being entitled to that status, the law will, in favor of morality and decency, presume that they have been legally married. But what we do decide, is that as in such cases a legal marriage is o'nly presumed from general repute and habit, that presumption has its limits and may be overcome in particular cases by counter-evidence or counter-presumption ; and in a case like this, where the presumption of a lawful marriage founded simply upon habit and repute is met' by the counter-presumption of innocence, the former must give way, and the law then requires that the first alleged marriage as an actual fact, shall be established by more direct proof.
It therefore only remains for us to inquire whether more direct proof on this subject has been supplied in the present trial, and is to be found in the present record. Only two additional witnesses have been produced on the part of the appellant, and they merely prove that Andrew and Hennie were considered as man and wife by Oapt. Frazier and his sons, and by their acquaintances white and colored, and that Hennie called herself Andrew’s wife, but never in Andrew’s presence. This is but a very slight addition to the previous evidence of general repute. In no sense does it constitute the more direct proof which we have said the law requires, and the Superior Court was quite right in so *404treating it. All the rulings of that Court at the present trial, are in entire accord with what we have decided to he the law of the case, and they must be affirmed.
(Decided March 26th, 1878.)
Rulings affirmed, and cause remanded.