Barry L. JONES and Mary Belle Jones v. HARRISBURG POLYCLINIC HOSPITAL, Charles R. Beittel, Jr., M. D. and P. McAloose.
410 A.2d 303
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Aug. 23, 1979.
Argued March 13, 1978. Petitions for Allowance of Appeal Granted Feb. 11, 1980.
410 A.2d 303
Appellant also contends that the actions of his co-conspirator were justifiable, committed to prevent the infliction of great bodily harm. This contention is meritless. A claim that homicide constitutes a justifiable defense of oneself or another requires that the slayer (1) be free from fault in provoking or continuing the difficulty which resulted in the slaying; (2) reasonably believe that there is a danger of death or great bodily harm; and (3) has not violated any duty to retreat or avoid the danger.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Edward B. McDaid, Philadelphia, for appellees Jones.
Edward E. Knauss, III, and Lee C. Swartz, Harrisburg, did not submit briefs on behalf of appellees Harrisburg Polyclinic Hospital and P. McAloose, respectively.
Before JACOBS, President Judge, and HOFFMAN, CERCONE, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, SPAETH and HESTER, JJ.
PRICE, Judge:
This case involves a cause of action in trespass for medical malpractice. Appellant Dr. Charles R. Beittel, Jr. appeals from the July 25, 1977 order of the en banc lower court which denied his motions for judgment non obstante veredicto, new trial, and for shaping of the verdict.
The following facts were adduced at trial. On May 14, 1972, appellee Mary Belle Jones1 underwent surgery at the Harrisburg Polyclinic Hospital to correct gynecological and suspected abdominal problems which she was experiencing. Appellant Dr. Charles R. Beittel, Jr. was her physician, and the other named defendant, Patricia McAloose, was the nurse anesthetist present during the surgical procedures
As a result of her injury, appellee and her husband brought suit against appellant, nurse McAloose, and Polyclinic Hospital. The theories of liability asserted against appellant were those of informed consent and negligence, through the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. Res ipsa loquitur was also the basis upon which appellee sought to recover against nurse McAloose, while the case against the hospital was based solely on respondeat superior.
Expert testimony presented at trial indicated that the injury appellee suffered was of the type that does not usually occur absent negligence on someone‘s part. In addition, in all likelihood, the injury occurred while appellee‘s
Prior to the commencement of trial, defendants McAloose and Polyclinic Hospital entered into a joint tortfeasor release with appellees for $25,000.6 Appellant filed post-trial motions asking for judgment N.O.V., new trial, and for molding of the verdict so as to mark it “satisfied in full,” or in the alternative, to reduce it, as applied to him, by two-thirds. All of appellant‘s motions were denied by the en banc panel of the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, and the verdict as applied to him was reduced by half, i. e., to $28,000, with $25,000 apportioned to appellee Mary Belle Jones and $3,000 apportioned to her husband Barry L. Jones.
On appeal, appellant raises numerous contentions. The first issue which we will address is appellant‘s contention that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur under Pennsylvania law does not apply to medical malpractice cases. We disagree.
The Restatement (Second) of Torts section on res ipsa loquitur, § 328D, as specifically adopted by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in the case of Gilbert v. Korvette‘s Inc., 457 Pa. 602, 327 A.2d 94 (1974) provides that:
“(1) It may be inferred that harm suffered by the plaintiff is caused by negligence of the defendant when
(a) the event is of a kind which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of negligence; (b) other responsible causes, including the conduct of the plaintiff and third persons, are sufficiently eliminated by the evidence; and (c) the indicated negligence is within the scope of the defendant‘s duty to the plaintiff. (2) It is the function of the court to determine whether the inference may reasonably be drawn by the jury, or whether it must necessarily be drawn.
(3) It is the function of the jury to determine whether the inference is to be drawn in any case where different conclusions may reasonably be reached.”
In asserting that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur does not apply to medical malpractice cases, appellant cites pre-Gilbert cases for the proposition that no presumption or inference of negligence arises merely because the medical care terminates in an unfortunate result which might have occurred even though proper care and skill had been exercised, and that the common knowledge or experience of laymen is not sufficient to warrant their passing judgment on the issue. (Appellant‘s brief at 22-23). We find that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur does apply to medical malpractice cases. In adopting § 328D of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, the supreme court enumerated no exceptions to the doctrine. The court explicitly stated that its reason for adopting the rule was to clarify the confusion which developed in this Commonwealth concerning the availability and effect of the doctrine. “The virtue of the Restatement rule is that when dealing with problems of proof, it abjures distinctions based on procedural questions or issues of substantive tort duty and focuses instead on purely evidentiary concerns.” Gilbert v. Korvette‘s Inc., supra, 457 Pa. at 612 n. 26, 327 A.2d 100 n. 26. The drafters of § 328D obviously intended it to apply to medical malpractice cases because the Comments to § 328D specifically use medical malpractice as an example to which § 328D may be employed. See Restatement (Second) of Torts, Comment
Notwithstanding the applicability of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to medical malpractice cases, we conclude that the court below was in error in instructing the jury as to res ipsa loquitur with regard to the specific facts of this case because appellees failed to sustain their burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the negligence pointed to appellant.
Under § 328D(1)(b), the plaintiff has the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that other responsible causes, including the conduct of plaintiff and third persons, are sufficiently eliminated by the evidence. The failure to eliminate “other responsible causes” precludes the lower court from instructing the jury on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.
“[I]n any case where there is no doubt that it is at least equally probable that the negligence was that of a third person, the court must direct the jury that the plaintiff has not proved his case.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 328D, Comment (f). Even though, exclusive control by
Appellee‘s position on the operating table changed during the course of the operative procedures performed on her. During the D. & C., she was placed in a modified dorsal lithotomy or supine position which entailed her laying on her back in a flat position with her feet in stirrups. To facilitate the laparoscopy, appellee was placed in the Trendelenberg position. In this position, the patient‘s abdomen and legs are raised, and her head and shoulders are lowered. Appellee‘s position was again altered for the laparotomy procedure. For that procedure, the Trendelenberg position again was employed, but the degree of slant of the table was more severe than that used for the laparoscopy procedure.
Dr. Charles Rohrabaugh was the operating surgeon during the laparoscopy procedure, and thus was responsible for the positioning of appellee during that time.8 The malpositioning of appellee which caused her injury certainly may have occurred while her position was being changed for the various procedures performed. Specifically, the malpositioning which caused appellee‘s injury may have occurred in preparation for the laparoscopy procedure, and thus, according to Dr. Rohrabaugh‘s testimony, would have been his direct responsibility. Indeed, he might have been the cause of the malpositioning. Our review of the record fails to disclose sufficient evidence, as a matter of law, to eliminate
Although we have concluded that a new trial is necessary, appellant raises another issue which must be discussed in order to insure that any subsequent judgment in appellees’ favor, if any, will be apportioned properly in light of the joint tortfeasor release. In this regard, appellant contends that the verdict, as applied to him, should be reduced by two-thirds. We hold that the court below properly molded the verdict.
An employer found to be vicariously liable for the negligence of his employee assumes a liability identical to that of his employee, i. e., their liability is one and the same, and the plaintiff may collect all or part of the judgment or settlement from either party. See Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 443 F.Supp. 1140 (E.D.Pa.1977); Russell v. United States, 113 F.Supp. 353 (M.D.Pa.1953); Parker v. Rodgers, 125 Pa.Super. 48, 189 A. 693 (1937). In the instant situation, when multiple parties are found to be liable, the important consideration in determining the pro rata amount of the judgment for which the remaining negligent party is liable, is the number of primarily liable parties. As applied to the instant case, since there were only two parties found to be primarily liable, i. e., appellant and nurse McAloose, appellant was entitled to have the entire verdict reduced by only one-half.
In reaching this conclusion, we rely on this court‘s decision in Parker v. Rodgers, supra, and its progeny. The Parker, Nationwide, and Russell cases all involved suits for contribution among joint tortfeasors. Parker, a pre-UCATA case, involved a two-car automobile accident in which three defendants, Marion Rodgers (driver of car A), Robert Glenzinger (driver of car B) and Margaret Paugh (owner of car B
“Rodgers and Glenzinger were the persons who committed the actual tort or wrong as distinguished from a legal tort. Mrs. Paugh was not present when the accident occurred, but was only liable as the master of her servant and driver, Glenzinger. It was not alleged nor shown that she was personally and directly guilty of any trespass or was responsible by reason of anything which she personally did or omitted to do. Her responsibility even to the plaintiff did not arise from any act which was on her part morally wrong, but her liability was based on a legal principle that has become a part of the positive law of the Commonwealth that the negligence of a servant acting within the scope of his employment is imputed to the master. We agree with the learned judge of the court below that Mrs. Paugh‘s liability being purely derivative and because she and the driver are responsible to the plaintiff for one and the same act of negligence committed by the servant alone, both reason and justice require it to be held that Rodgers is not entitled to contribution since he has paid but one-half of the judgment. . . . That our conclusion may not be misinterpreted we call attention to the fact that we do not adopt as a basis for the measure of contribution the number of automobiles involved in the accident, but rather the number of persons primarily and directly concerned in the tort committed.” Parker v. Rodgers, supra, 125 Pa.Super. at 52, 53, 189 A. at 696.
Similarly, in Nationwide and Russell, both post-UCATA contribution cases applying Pennsylvania law, the federal
“[I]t is not the total number of defendants involved who could have been liable to the deceased‘s estate but the number of directly and primarily liable parties which determines the number of pro-rata shares. Only two parties were directly and primarily liable, Carr & Duff and Hinkle [employee of the third defendant, Bellmont]. Therefore liability for contribution is divisible in only two parts, one part being based upon the negligence of Carr & Duff and the other part being based upon the negligence of Hinkle . . . .” Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Philadelphia Electric Co., supra at 1146-1147.
In the instant case, Polyclinic Hospital‘s liability was based solely on the theory of respondeat superior. Under these circumstances, we hold that the court below was correct in molding its verdict to reflect the fact that there were only two primary tortfeasors, to-wit, appellant and nurse McAloose. Therefore, the verdict, as applied to appellant, is correctly apportioned at one-half of the judgment, rather than two-thirds.
Accordingly, we vacate the judgment of the court below, and remand the case for a new trial and further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
CERCONE, President Judge, HOFFMAN and SPAETH, JJ., file dissenting opinions.
JACOBS, former President Judge, did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
CERCONE, President Judge, dissenting:
Although I agree with the majority‘s conclusion that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies to medical malpractice cases in Pennsylvania, I would affirm the order and judgment of the lower court that applied the doctrine to the facts in this case. Therefore, I dissent.
I cannot agree with the majority‘s evaluation of the record. Although one of the surgical procedures, the laparoscopy, was performed by Dr. Rohrabaugh, there is no evidence that Dr. Beittel‘s duty to monitor the patient ever terminated. Dr. Beittel testified that he was present in the operating room during the laparoscopy and that he “did, indeed, look through the laparoscope.” (R. 86a, 92a.) Dr. Rohrabaugh testified that:
“As best I can recall it, we actually consulted each other during the laparoscopy rather than to say it was done after. As I was looking through the laparoscope, . . . I . . . would have him [Dr. Beittel] actually look through the laparoscope over my shoulder so that he can
see what I am talking about and so that in actuality the consultation that went on took place during the actual procedure not as a separate time entity.” (R. 268a-269a).
Exclusive control need not be proved in order to find liability under § 328D. Instead, the critical inquiry is “whether a particular defendant is the responsible cause of the injury.” Gilbert v. Korvette‘s Inc., 457 Pa. 602, 614, 327 A.2d 94, 101 (1974) (Emphasis supplied).
Based on the above-mentioned evidence of Dr. Beittel‘s active participation in the entire surgical procedure, I would find the plaintiff had sufficiently proved that Dr. Beittel continued to be the “responsible cause,” which was not terminated by Dr. Rohrabaugh‘s participation during the surgical procedures.1
SPAETH, Judge, dissenting:
I cannot agree with Judge PRICE‘s statement that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur1 is inapplicable in this case because a “review of the record fails to disclose sufficient evidence, as a matter of law, to eliminate Dr. Rohrabaugh as an ‘other responsible cause‘” at 307.
It is settled that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur as defined in section 328 D of the Restatement (Second) of Torts2 may be applicable in a case where there are multiple
Thus the responsibility of the defendant is proved by eliminating that of any other person. “It is not, however, necessary to the inference that the defendant have such exclusive control; and exclusive control is merely one way of proving his responsibility. He may be responsible, and the inference may be drawn against him, where he shares the control with another, as in the case of the fall of a party wall which each of two landowners is under a duty to inspect and maintain. He may be responsible where he is under a duty to the plaintiff which he cannot delegate to another, as in the case of a landlord who leases premises dangerous to persons on the public highway, which his tenant undertakes to maintain. He may be responsible where he is under a duty to control the conduct of a third person as in the case of a host whose guests throw objects from his windows. It may be enough that the defendant was formerly in control, at the time of the probable negligence, as in the case of a beverage bottler whose product poisons the consumer, when there is sufficient evidence to eliminate the responsibility of intermediate dealers. Exclusive control is merely one fact which establishes the responsibility of the defendant; and if it can be established otherwise, exclusive control is not essential to a res ipsa loquitur case. The essential question becomes one of whether the probable cause is one which the defendant was under a duty to the plaintiff to anticipate or guard against.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 328D, comment g (1965) (emphasis added).
In Gilbert the Supreme Court gave the following example:
A, a pedestrian on the public sidewalk, is injured by the fall of a sign from the front of a building owned by B and leased to C. Both B and C are under a legal duty to members of the public using the highway to exercise reasonable care to inspect and maintain the sign. It can be inferred that the event was due to the negligence of both B and C. 457 Pa. at 615 n. 32, 327 A.2d at 102 n. 32.
The plaintiff could not prove which specific person or persons in the operating room negligently positioned her on the table. However, in my opinion the inability on her part to point the finger at a specific nurse or doctor to the exclusion of all others should not prevent the application of res ipsa loquitur. I should not force the plaintiff to pick one person and try to eliminate all the others. Instead I should permit the plaintiff to subject all the defendants to res ipsa loquitur. Each defendant could then argue, and if he wishes, offer evidence, that he was not responsible, and also, that some one else was responsible.6 The jury would then decide whether the circumstantial evidence and the inferences arising from it were sufficient to hold any or some or all of the defendants responsible.
This approach to the problem of res ipsa loquitur and multiple defendants is supported by the case law, see Ybarra v. Spanguard, supra, and indeed is at least consistent with if not required by the Supreme Court‘s decision in Gilbert. See Easter v. Hancock, 237 Pa.Super. 31, 346 A.2d 323 (1975) (where three doctors were all involved in inserting and removing hemostats all three were responsible for hemostat left in patient).
The major problem presented in this case is not the fact that there are multiple defendants but the fact that the plaintiff failed to sue one of her possible defendants, Dr. Rohrabaugh, who was present during part of the operation. If she had joined him as a defendant we should have a situation very similar to that presented in Gilbert. Perhaps this failure to join Dr. Rohrabaugh is the basis of Judge PRICE‘S conclusion that res ipsa loquitur does not apply, the
A group of persons and instrumentalities may combine in the performance of a medical procedure culminating in an unexpected, mysterious and disastrous result. With the sources of disaster personified in a group of defendants, the demand for evidence pointing the finger of probability at any one of them is relaxed; all may be called upon to give the jury evidence of care. . . . We do not have that situation here. Neither the firm which manufactured the wire nor the hospital which supplied it has been sued. The negligence of each is just as possible as some unspecified and indeterminate lack of care on the surgeon‘s part. With only one of the several involved agents before the court, negligence could not be inferred without some evidence reasonably pointing to the surgeon. Id. at 35, 47 Cal.Rptr. at 316.
See Spannaus v. Otolaryngology Clinic, 308 Minn. 334, 242 N.W.2d 594 (1976) (failure to join anesthesiologist who might have caused the neck injury). See also Talbot v. Dr. H. W. Graves Latter Day Saints Hosp., 21 Utah 2d 73, 440 P.2d 872 (1968) (HENRIOD, J., concurring) (commenting that if res ipsa loquitur should apply in such cases the plaintiff must sue all participants in the surgery).
However, the situation presented in this case is very different from the situation presented in Inouye; it more
Here, as Judge CERCONE points out, Dr. Beittel admitted that he had the responsibility to preserve the patient neurologically during the surgical procedures. There was also expert testimony that as the operating physician, Dr. Beittel had a duty to monitor the positioning of the plaintiff. Therefore, even if we assume that Dr. Rohrabaugh may have been a responsible cause for the injury, still Dr. Beittel also was a responsible cause. Dr. Rohrabaugh may have shared with Dr. Beittel the duty to maintain the plaintiff and monitor her position, but there is no evidence that Dr. Beittel was excused from his duty by Dr. Rohrabaugh‘s
I should affirm the decision of the court below.
HOFFMAN, Judge, dissenting:
I join the majority in its assertion that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur may be applied to medical malpractice cases under appropriate circumstances. Gilbert v. Korvette‘s Inc., 457 Pa. 602, 327 A.2d 94 (1974); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 328D. See Ybarra v. Spangard, 25 Cal.2d 486, 154 P.2d 687 (1944). I concur in the majority‘s conclusion that the case at bar is not such a circumstance. Because plaintiff failed to join Dr. Rohrabaugh as a defendant, I believe that plaintiff cannot take advantage of the doctrine. In Braccia v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Philadelphia, 398 Pa. 386, 157 A.2d 747 (1960) plaintiff was injured by an exploding bottle he bought from a retailer. Earlier that day, defendant bottler had delivered the bottle in question to retailer. Plaintiff sued only the bottler and not the retailer. Our Supreme Court held that by not suing the retailer jointly with the bottler, plaintiff could not take advantage of the doctrine of exclusive control in Loch v. Confair, 372 Pa. 212, 93 A.2d 451 (1953). As the Court explained, there is only “a tenuous distinction . . . between the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur and the exclusive control doctrine.” Id., 372 Pa. at 216, 93 A.2d at 453. In the instant case, I find no direct evidence that Dr. Beittel caused plaintiff‘s injury and nothing in the record to eliminate Dr. Rohrabaugh as an equally probable cause. Hence, it was sheer speculation on the part of the jury to find liability against Dr. Beittel. Moreover, to remand for new trial, as the majority mandates, is an exercise in judicial futility. Accordingly, I would grant Dr. Beittel a judgment n. o. v. See Braccia, supra.