Jones v. . BlandJones v. . Bland
- Reporters:
- , , ,
- Before:
- Hoke
It was proved that the carriage of the elevator at the same time was at one of the upper floors, where it had been taken by some one, and that the door on the lobby floor was open. It was also shown that Mr. Troy, the inmate of the hotel, had been sick and confined to the house for about a week, and there were (72) facts on evidence permitting the inference that it was the purpose of Troy in calling plaintiff into the building and of the two in going to Troy‘s room to play cards for money at a fine of
A judge‘s charge, however, must be considered and interpreted in reference to the material facts submitted for his decision, and on this record it appears that defendant is the owner and proprietor of the hotel where the incident occurred, and plaintiff is insisting upon the position that he was there at the time on the invitation of a guest of the hotel, and has been injured in breach of the duty owed to one in that position. In the case suggested, and without (73) more, it is very generally held that such a one, termed an invitee, is entitled to the duty of ordinary care from the proprietor and his employees, but the principle does not extend to a claimant who enters a hotel for an ulterior purpose and who,
In the last citation the position is stated as follows: “The distinction is that the person coming on the premises to whom this duty of care is due must not come as a mere trespasser or wrongdoer, but for some purpose lawful in itself, and such as the owner or occupier might reasonably expect to bring him there.”
As applied to the facts of this record, therefore, his Honor correctly charged the jury that if claimant was going to the room for the unlawful purpose of gambling they should answer the issue as to defendant‘s negligence No, and he gave the right reason for it. “For in such case there would be no duty owing to him except not to willfully or wantonly injure him.” Emry v. Navigation Co., 111 N.C. 94. And he was correct also in holding that there were no facts in evidence to justify a finding of that character. There being no claim of willfullness and wantonness, in this connection being negligence so gross as to manifest a reckless indifference to plaintiff‘s rights. Everett v. Receivers, 121 N.C. 519.
The appellant excepts further that the court charged the jury as follows:
“The burden is on the plaintiff to satisfy you by the greater weight of the evidence that Shepard, the boy in charge of the elevator, or whoever was in charge of it, left the door open or that if opened by some on other than an agent or employee of defendants, that defendants knew it or that it remained (74) open long enough for them, in the exercise of ordinary care, to have discovered it, and if plaintiff has failed to so satisfy you of these facts, you will answer the first issue `No.‘”
The court is dealing here with the general question of defendant‘s negligence as involved in the first issue and on the assumption that plaintiff was an invitee on the premises and entitled to the duty of ordinary care. In this aspect of the case he so instructed the jury and correctly charged them further that the burden of the issue was on the plaintiff and in effect that he was required to establish a breach of duty towards him, the proximate cause of his injury. Going further and referring to some of the contentions of the parties, he gave the instruction excepted to as a further rule to guide the jury in their deliberations, and in this we think there was error to appellant‘s prejudice which entitles him to a new trial. It will be noted that his Honor is here charging the jury as to the burden of proof, telling them in terms that to find the issue for plaintiff the burden is on him to show by greater weight of evidence either that the employee of defendant left the door open or if done by a third party, it had remained open so long that defendant should have discovered it.
In this aspect of the case there are facts tending to show, and they are without substantial contradiction, that on 23 January, 1918, about 3:30 in the afternoon, plaintiff, an invitee on the hotel premises, walked into an elevator shaft, opening on the lobby, and fell to the cellar, eleven feet below, receiving permanent and painful injuries from which he still suffers, and disqualifying him to a great extent from active labor in his calling: that it was a dark afternoon, sleet was falling, and from this cause and the color of the paint and intervening obstructions to what light was prevailing on the outside, the place was so dark that ordinary observation did not disclose the opening or absence of the elevator carriage; that the door leading into lobby where plaintiff was at the time had been left open, or was open, and the elevator carriage was at one of the upper stories. If these facts are accepted by the jury, and, as stated, they are not challenged in the record, a prima facie case of negligence is made out which would justify the jury in finding a verdict on the issue against the defendant without further proof. It is the accepted position here and elsewhere “that where a thing which causes an injury is shown to be under the management of the defendant, and the occurrence is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen if those who have the management use proper care, it affords reasonable evidence, in the absence of explanation by defendant, that the accident arose from want of care.” This was held in the recent cases against the Texas Company, (75) reported in 180 N.C. 546-561, and the principle has been approved and applied in many of our decisions on the subject. Fitzgerald v. R. R., 141 N.C. 530;
In Fitzgerald‘s case the opinion cites an English decision on the subject, as follows:
“In Scott v. Dock Co., 3 Hurl Colt, the plaintiff proved that while conducting his duties as custom officer, he was passing in front of a warehouse in the dock yard and was felled to the ground by six bags of sugar falling upon him, and the principle is declared as follows: `There must be reasonable evidence of negligence, but when the thing is shown to be under the management of the defendant or his servants, and the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen if those who have the management use proper care, it affords reasonable evidence in the absence of explanation by the defendant that the accident arose from want of care.‘”
And again a case from New Jersey is referred to with approval as follows: “In Sheridan v. Foley, 58 N.J. Law 230, it is said: `It is urged, however, on behalf of the defendant that the plaintiff was bound, in order to entitle him to a verdict, to prove affirmatively that the injury which he received was caused by the negligent act of the defendant or of his servants; that the mere proof that the plaintiff was injured by a brick falling from the hod of one of the defendant‘s hod-carriers, or from a scaffolding upon which some of the employees of the defendant were engaged in laying a wall, does not, standing alone, raise any presumption of negligence; and that, as there was no evidence offered to show under what circumstances the brick fell, there was nothing in the case to (76) warrant the jury in inferring that the injury complained of
On the record, therefore, in charging the jury that in order to render a verdict for plaintiff on the first issue, the burden was on him to show by a preponderance of the evidence either that the boy in charge of the elevator left the door open, or if opened by some other than an agent of plaintiff, that defendant knew it or it had been open long enough for them to have found it out in the exercise of proper care, the court, in our opinion, was putting on plaintiff a greater burden than is warranted by the proper application of the principle referred to. It no doubt made the impression upon the jury that in order to a verdict on first issue, plaintiff was required to offer direct and affirmative proof of the facts suggested, whereas the jury, if they so determined, or in the absence of satisfactory explanation, were well warranted in finding negligence from the objective and attendant facts of the occurrence without such affirmative proof.
In many cases on the subject these passenger elevators are likened to railroad carriers of passengers in which there is a presumption of negligence arising from an unexplained injury. Edwards v. Mfg. Co., 61 R. I. 646; Oberfelter v. Doran, 26 Neb. 118; Fox v. Philadelphia, 208 Pa. 207. But in this jurisdiction the objective facts similar to those presented here, as shown in Stewart‘s and Womble‘s decisions, only make out a prima facie case of negligence and justifying a verdict without further or direct and affirmative proof. Having undertaken to lay down the rule as to the burden of proof, it should have been done correctly, and no prayer for instructions was required. S. v. Wolf, 122 N.C. 1079-1081; Bynum v. Bynum, 33 N.C. 632.
For the error indicated, plaintiff is entitled to a new trial of the issues, and it is so ordered.
New trial.
Cited: Weathers v. Baldwin, 183 N.C. 279; Brigman v. Construction Co., 192 N.C. 795; Barnes v. Hotel Corp., 229 N.C. 731; McIntyre v. Elevator Co., 230 N.C. 543; Schueler v. Good Friend Corp., 231 N.C. 418; Young v. Anchor Co., 239 N.C. 290; S. v. Hairr, 244 N.C. 509.
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