118 N.Y.S. 189 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1909
In May, 1904, plaintiff commenced an action against .Albert Bruckheimer and Ins wife Lizzie for $2,000 damages,, it being alleged in the complaint that the defendants, without any warrant or pretense of legal process, caused the arrest of the plaintiff by two police officers, and caused a false charge, to be made against the plaintiff* to wit, that she was guilty of a felony known as grand larceny, without any- reasonable cause, and without any right or authority so to do; that having been confined in a police station over night she was taken before a city magistrate, where the defendants, although having theretofore falsely charged plaintiff with the said offense, then and there admitted and stated in writing before said magistrate that they learned that plaintiff was innocent, and she was thereupon discharged from custody.
‘The jury rendered a verdict for $750 in favor of plaintiff and against the defendants, and on April 19, 1907,-a judgment was entered for the sum of $852.73. Subsequently Albert Bruckheimer filed a voluntary petition in bankruptcy, and a. discharge ivas thereafter granted. The-bankruptcy proceeding was commenced almost immediately after the recovery of the judgment in this action. Oi/ or about May 13,1908, and following the discharge in bankruptcy •of the appellant, an order in supplementary proceedings was obtained in the City Court requiring the defendant appellant to appear and submit to examination. Thereafter the appellant procured an order to show cause why the supplementary proceedings should not be vacated upon the ground that the judgment had been
The question presented is whether the debt evidenced by this judgment has been discharged under the provisions of the Bankruptcy Act. Section 17 of the Bankruptcy Act (30 IT. S. Stat. at Large, 550, as amd. by 32 id. 798, § 5) provides: “ Debts not affected by a discharge — a A discharge in bankruptcy shall release a bankrupt from all of his provable debts except such as * "x" * (2) are liabilities for obtaining property by false pretenses or false representations, or for willful and malicious injuries to the person or property of another.”
The distinction between false imprisonment and malicious prosecution is fundamental. They are made up of different elements, enforced by different forms of actions, are governed by different rules of pleading, evidence and damages, and are subject to different defenses. (19 Cye. 321.) “False imprisonment has been well defined to be a trespass committed by one. man against the person of another by unlawfully arresting him and detaining him without any legal authority. (Addison on Torts, 'p. 552.)
“ The right invaded by false imprisonment is of such character that the liability of the wrongdoer does not depend primarily upon his mental .attitude.. All of the authorities declare that neither malice nor ordinarily want of probable cause is an essential element of the right of action. If the imprisonment is lawful it does not become unlawful because done with malicious intent; if the conduct be unlawful, neither good faith nor provocation nor ignorance of the law is a defense to the person committing the wrong, in a civil as distinguished from a criminal proceeding.” (19 Cyc. 319.)
In an action for false imprisonment the essentials are : Fwst, that plaintiff was arrested and detained by defendant without process; seco7id, that plaintiff was not guilty of the offense for which he was
In Maries v. Townsend (97 N. Y. 590) Earl, J., said : “ Even malicious motives and the absence of probable cause do not give a party arrested an action for false imprisonment. They may aggravate his damage, but have nothing whatever to do with the cause of action.” (
In the complaint, which is a part of this record, there is no allegation of malice. The cause of action is based upon an arrest without a warrant. • The judgment roll is not before us nor is the evidence. We must hold that the judgment followed the complaint and that it would have been error upon the trial for the judge to have charged that the jury must find malice in the defendant in causing the arrest before they could find a,verdict for the plaintiff. If, therefore, malice is not an ingredient of the cause of action for false imprisonment, if it is not alleged in the complaint, I do not see how a judgment upon such a complaint and for such a cause of action can be held to be a liability for willful and malicious injury to the person of another.
It has been held that a judgment for the father in an action to recover damages for the seduction of his daughter was for a. willful and malicious injury to the person and property of another within the meaning of section 17 of the Bankruptcy Act. (Matter of
So in Kavanaugh v. McIntyre (128 App. Div. 722), where an order of arrest was held good in an action for conversion, the court •said: “ The defendants in utter disregard of the rights of plaintiff, knowing they were injuring him and willing to do so in order to subserve their own wrongful purposes, converted his property. In short, the acts disclosed constituted larceny. There is neither reason nor justice in. extending to such acts the• protection of the Bankruptcy Act unless we are clearly required to do so by its provisions.”
In all of these cases the acts under consideration involved moral turpitude and under such circumstances it was not difficult to find malice, but the same cases pointed out that there are torts which would not be of such a nature as to involve malice, as, for instance^ negligently running over a person in the public streets, while intentionally riding down a particular person would, of course, be malicious and, therefore, come within the rule.
So of the case at bar, while the act of the defendant in procuring the arrest may be said to be willful because he intended the person to be arrested upon his information, yet if he honestly believed that the arrested person had committed the crime of grand larceny and promptly withdrew the charge when he discovered her innocence, while the cause of action based upon the illegal arrest for false imprisonment was fully established, those facts in and of themselves were not of the kind illustrated in the cases supra, so obviously against good morals, involving such moral turpitude, as to compel the court to disregard the fundamental 'characteristics.of an action
■I reach the conclusion, therefore, upon this record, that the judgment is not within the exception provided in section ’ 11 of the Bankruptcy Act (supra), and that the order"of the Appellate Term appealed from should be reversed, with costs and disbursements to the appellant, and the motion to vacate granted, with ten dollars costs.
Ingraham, McLaughlin and Laughlin, JJ., concurred; Houghton, J., dissented. '
Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion granted, with ten dollars costs.
3d. ed.— [Rep.