On the 10th day of August, 1904, the accused resided at a boarding house in the city of Milwaukee
The foregoing sufficiently indicates the circumstances of this case as the jury had the right to view them. We have not attempted to give the evidence in any considerable detail. It will suffice for the proper consideration of the questions presented to show, as we have, what the evidence tended to prove and that such tendency,' notwithstanding evidence to the contrary, was sufficiently probative to justify the jury, reasonably, in believing beyond a reasonable doubt that such tendency pointed to the truth.
The first point made on behalf of plaintiff in error is that there was no evidence warranting a conviction of the accused of murder in the second degree. The idea advanced is that though the homicide was accomplished by an act imminently dangerous to others, it was not one evincing a depraved mind regardless of human life, and so did not satisfy all elements suggested by the language:
“Such killing, when perpetrated by any act imminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved mind, regardless of human life, without any premeditated design to effect the death of the person killed or of any human being, shall be murder in the second degree.” Sec. 4339, Stats. 1898.
Error is assigned because testimony was rejected as regards what the accused said about the circumstances of the homicide, when he was on the street car, journeying to the police station to surrender himself into the custody of the law. If the story told to the motorman was so near to and connected with the transaction to which it referred as to really characterize it, then it was within the field of res gestee, and the evidence in relation thereto should have been admitted. What does and what does not form part of the res gestee, as regards any particular occurrence, is often not clearly ascertainable. The principle governing the matter has definite boundaries, but whether any particular circumstance falls within such boundaries, upon the matter in regard thereto being presented to a trial court, is a question of competency, the decision of which is to be treated on appeal as a verity unless manifestly wrong. Emery v. State, 101 Wis. 621, 648, 78 N. W. 145; Hupfer v. Nat. Dist. Co. 119 Wis. 417, 96 N. W. 809; Kavanaugh v. Wausau, 120 Wis. 611, 98 N. W. 550.
Since a minor circumstance cannot be properly said to be a part of the res gestee as to the major matter, unless .it is'so connected with the latter as to speak for itself, as it is said, indicating the character of thé main fact, such minor circumstance, in order to fall within the field of res gestee, must necessarily be undesigned, and so must have an unbroken causal relation to the main subject of inquiry. At the point where that causal relation is so interrupted by time or other circumstances that what lies further on no longer appreciably illustrates the character of the main fact, is the boundary line between what is and what is not res gestae. There is no controlling rule a's to the length of time between the happening of the
In this case the accused did not leave the scene of the homicide until some time after it occurred. He took time to summon the doctor. While so doing he was admonished into some fair degree of coolness and quietude by the doctor, who was unable, at first, by reason of the excited state the accused wa’s in, to understand what was wanted. Thereafter the accused remained in the saloon room for a time considering whether to, as he said, wait until the deceased’s pockets were examined. Then he went to his room sufficiently composed to form, which ■he did, a deliberate purpose to forestall being arrested on a warrant, by going to the police station and surrendering himself to the authorities. He then put on his hat, passed down the hallway to and down the stairs, and out the side door of the building into the street. He then walked down the street ■somewhere about one third of a mile toward his destination, when an opportunity presented itself for him to continue his journey on a car. He concluded to improve it. After boarding the car he told the motorman where he wanted to go and related that which it was sought to prove as res gestee.
This relation of the matter shows, it seems, without further comment, that the occurrence on the car was too remote from the homicide to be so clearly an incident of it as to preclude the trial court from holding that it was outside the boundaries of res gestee. ' There had been too much time for reflection, too much time to calculate .upon the consequences, and too much opportunity and motive for making up a story with ref
Evidence was offered to prove that the accused was reputed, in his home country, to he a man of truth and veracity, and the evidence was rejected. While the ruling on that matter is-presented for review, counsel for the accused was too candid with the court to press it with any considerable degree of confidence. It was conceded, as of course the fact is, that it is quite elementary that a witness is not to be supported by proof of his having a good reputation for truth and veracity, till his reputation in that regard shall have been directly attacked. 2 Wigmore, Evidence, § 1104; 1 Jones, Evidence, § 156. That rule is the logical result of the other one that the law presumes every person to be reputed truthful till evidence-shall have been produced to the contrary, and therefore, for one to take the initiative in establishing that which so needs no support, other than the legal presumption, is useless.
The court refused a request to submit to the jury the question of whether, on the evidence, the accused was guilty of manslaughter in the fourth degree. That is defined by sec.. 4362, Stats. 1898, thus:
“The involuntary killing of another by any weapon or by any means, neither cruel nor unusual, in the heat of passion,, in any cases other than such as are herein declared to be justifiable or excusable homicides, shall be deemed manslaughter-in the fourth degree.”
The idea suggested by counsel is that if there was no design to effect the death of Doyle and there was evidence of heat of passion, as the trial court held there was by instructing the jury on the subject of murder in the third degree, and the homicide was caused by a weapon of some sort, though without the use of any cruel or unusual means, the offense is within such statutory definition. That proceeds upon the theory that an involuntary killing is synonymous with killing- with
The circumstances in the case referred to were that when the accused and the deceased were clinched and in an angry struggle, the former drew a revolver and, holding it close to' the body of the latter and pointing, it at a vital part thereof, but without opportunity for deliberation, discharged it with fatal effect. A conviction of manslaughter in the fourth degree was sustained, grounded, without good warrant, it seems,, on People v. Crowe, 2 Edm. Sel. Gas. 152, and Keenan v. State, 8 Wis. 132. In People v. Crowe, supra, there is a report of a case tried in the city court of New York presided over by Edmojstds, T., who reported the case, with two aider-men. Such report consists merely of a statement of the general features of the case, the judge’s charge, and the verdict.' The facts in brief were these: The deceased had been unjustifiably interfering for some time with the accused and his property, and ha'd been on one occasion successfully prosecuted, criminally, therefor. He had subsequently threatened to visit the home of the accused and obtain satisfaction for his supposed wrongs. He armed himself with a club for that purpose to the knowledge of the accused. On the day of the-homicide the latter, believing an attempt to inflict personal violence on him to be impending, and on advice of the chief' of police that he had a right to defend himself with firearms if he believed his life to be in danger, obtained a gun with which to make such defense. Late in the evening thereafter the deceased visited the home of the accused, armed with his. club, and made a vigorous assault therewith on the door, there being a number of people standing by. The accused immediately responded by opening the door and stepping outside the-house armed with his loaded gun. As he did so, he notified the bystanders to clear the way as he was going “to shoot the
The judge instructed the jury that if the offense was not murder, and was not manslaughter in the third degree because not characterized by heat of passion impelling the deed and the use of a dangerous weapon, the accused was guilty of manslaughter in the fourth degree. That was merely the opinion of the judge of an inferior court, and very clearly, we should say, not safe to be followed.
The statutory offense of manslaughter in the fourth degree was, when the trial above referred to occurred, the same in New York as here. The same is likewise true as to manslaughter in the third degree. The distinguishing characteristic of the former is the element of involuntary killing. Heat of passion is common to both offenses, and while the use of a dangerous weapon is essential in the third degree it may also characterize the fourth. So the test given in People v. Crowe, supra, in view of the facts to which it was there applied, should not have found favor here. The idea that one armed with a loaded gun, proclaiming to another and bystanders a purpose to shoot such other, may pursue him, he retreating, and, upon a favorable opportunity presenting itself, draw on such other and shoot him to death, and the offense be in any reasonable view of the matter called involuntary homicide, manifestly cannot be. The judge in the New York case simply did not take note of the significance of the term involuntary in the definition of the offense of manslaughter in the fourth degree.
As to Keenan v. State, 8 Wis. 132, of which this court was made to say in Schlect v. State, 15 Wis. 486, 44 N. W. 509, the defendant was convicted of manslaughter in the fourth degree, and the facts were in many respects like those in the Schlect Case, the report shows that there was such similarity
It must be observed, in order to .avoid error in such cases as this, that manslaughter in the third degree is defined as the killing of a human being in the heat of passion without a design to effect death, etc., while manslaughter in the fourth degree is defined to be an involuntary killing of a human being in the heat of passion, etc. The term involuntary signifies inadvertence. It is inconsistent with the wilful shooting of another with fatal effect. One may so wilfully shoot, pointing a gun at such other .and discharging it purposely, yet mot aim the weapon at a vital part of the body in the sense of a mental and physical operation to that end — though the presumption without explanation would be to the contrary' — and so without necessarily a specific design to effect death. But such an act cannot.be deemed involuntary within the meaning of our statute. It is said elsewhere that when one voluntarily shoots another fatally, the homicide cannot be deemed involuntary. Smith v. State, 73 Ga. 79; State v. Cantieny, 34 Minn. 1, 7, 24 N. W. 458. It follows that the court very properly refused to instruct the jury to consider the subject of manslaughter in the fourth degree.
The essentials of heat of passion, as the term is used in defining homicidal offenses, are not given in the authorities with that entire harmony which one would like to see respecting so important a matter. All, however, agree that the mental disturbance must be produced by such provocation as, reasonably, would ordinarily have that effect in case of an ordinary man, and actually .had such effect in the given case. That is what is meant by the term adequate provocation. Ryan v. State, 115 Wis. 488, 92 N. W. 271; Davis v. People, 114 Ill. 86, 29 N. E. 192; State v. Shippey, 10 Minn. 223; State v. Hoyt, 13 Minn. 132; Reg. v. Welsh, 11 Cox C. C. 336; State v. Grugin, 147 Mo. 39, 47 S. W. 1058; People v. Calton, 5 Utah, 451, 459, 16 Pac. 902; Brooks v. Comm. 61 Pa. St. 352; 1 McClain, Crim. Law, §§ 337, 338. In 21 Am. &
“The provocation, in order to be sufficient- in law, must be such as, naturally and instantly, to produce in the minds of persons, ordinarily constituted, the highest degree of exasperation, rage, anger, sudden resentment, or terror.”
The trial court for some reason failed to give any explanation of this feature of the ea'se in the instructions.
The degree of mental disturbance essential to heat of passion will be found variously stated in the authorities. Here and there it is stated thus mildly:
“Reason should, at the time of the act, be disturbed or obscured by passion to an extent that might render ordinary men, of fair average disposition, liable to act rashly or without due deliberation or reflection, and from passion, rather than judgment.” Maher v. People, 10 Mich. 212; People v. Lilley, 43 Mich. 521, 5 N. W. 982.
That has been referred to here, on at least one occasion, in a manner to suggest approval. Perugi v. State, 104 Wis. 230, 240, 80 N. W. 593. Generally language is used in the authorities calculated to suggest a still greater degree of disturbance, as for examples:
“Provocation . . . such as might naturally kindle ungovernable passion in the mind of an ordinary and reasonable man.” Reg. v. Welsh, 11 Cox C. C. 336. “Heat of passion apparently sufficient to make the passion irresistible.” Davis v. People, 114 Ill. 86, 29 N. E. 192. “Provocation . . . sufficient to excite an irresistible passion in a reasonable person, one of ordinary self-control.” People v. Hurtado, 63 Cal. 288, 292. “Passion which for the moment the party is unable to control.” Nichols v. Comm. 11 Bush, 575. “Passion producing the highest degree of exasperation.” Preston v. State, 25 Miss. 383. Provocation engendering passion depriving the actor for the time- being “of the power of self-control.” Stephen, Dig. Grim. Law (6th ed.) art. 246. “Passion*160 suspending tlie exercise of judgment and dominating volition so as to exclude premeditation and a previous formed design.” Smith v. State, 83 Ala. 26, 3 South. 547. “Sudden impulse of overmastering passion.” McDuffie v. State, 90 Ga. 786, 17 S. E. 105. To the same effect are 2 Bish. New Grim. Law, § 697; Desty, Am. Grim. Law, § 128d; State v. Davis, 50 S. C. 405, 422, 27 S. E. 905; Brooks v. Comm., supra; People v. Calton, supra.
The more emphatic manner thus indicated of stating the' matter has found most favor here, as is indicated by Hempton v. States 111 Wis. 127, 14-2, 86 N. W. 596; Ryan v. State, 115 Wis. 488, 92 N. W. 271. We are constrained to approve-the idea that the heat of passion which will reduce what would otherwise be murder to manslaughter in the third degree, and which is specified inclusively or exclusively in the statutory definitions of other homicidal offenses, is such mental disturbance, caused by a reasonable, adequate provocation as would ordinarily so overcome and dominate or suspend the exercise of the judgment of an ordinary man as to render his mind for the time being deaf to the voice of reason: make him incapable of forming and executing that distinct intent to take human life essential to murder in the first degree, and to cause him, uncontrollably, to act from the impelling force of the-disturbing cause, rather than from any real wickedness of heart or cruelty or recklessness of disposition. Uncontrollable passion in such circumstances is supposed to “sway the reason regardless of her admonitions,” but it is not presumed to be, nor does the heat of passion spoken of contemplate, such overpowering disturbance as to destroy volition, the reasoning-faculty, even temporarily. It is said that a transport of passion which deprives one of the power of self-control is, in a-modified or restricted sense, a dethronement -of the reasoning-faculty, a divestment of its sovereign power, but an entire dethronement is a deprivation of the intellect for the time being. Smith v. State, supra.
“Now, if from passion ... a person, for tbe moment, is unable to exercise bis reason, and while be is in such condition, though conscious of what he is doing and not so completely bereft of reason as to be legally irresponsible, he is uncontrollably moved thereby to and does wrongfully kill another, be cannot be convicted of murder in the first degree. ... If Reason, notwithstanding the . . . disturbing cause, be not so completely dethroned, so to spealc, but that tbe wrongdoer can exercise judgment, be must do so or pay tbe penalty of being held responsible for his acts regardless of such disturbing cause.”
The disturbing cause in the particular case was intoxication, but it was said that the rule was tbe same as in case of uncontrollable condition through anger, terror, or any other adequate cause.
It is believed that the exposition thus given is strictly accurate, though it is now regretted that the term dethronement was used at all. While it was considerately and designedly guarded so as to avoid conveying the impression of more than temporary control or displacement of judgment, not a deprivation of reason, strictly so called, it seems — as perhaps ought to have been appreciated — that the clear distinction and tbe evident effort to make it significantly plain is not wholly appreciated.
In Smith v. State, 83 Ala. 26, 3 South. 547, the trial court used the term, “this heat of blood must be such as to entirely dethrone reason, and the assault be made in consequence of” such heat of blood. And the conviction was set aside on that ground.
In State v. Hill, 4 Dev. & Bat. Daw, 491, 496, tbe jury were instructed, in effect, that if reason was not so destroyed but that the accused was possessed of sufficient power of de
From tbe foregoing it will be seen that tbe beat of passion of tbe statute on tbe subject of criminal homicide, while it involves deprivation of self-control by exercise of judgment: passion irresistible, or, in other words, a disturbed mental condition, caused by passion, incapacitating tbe person from forming and executing a distinct intent to take human life, is not inconsistent with intelligent action, with consciousness of wbat one is doing and of tbe responsibilities therefor; it is not such as to, temporarily even, dethrone reason, strictly speaking: destroy volition.
It may be that a jury would not, ordinarily, fully appreciate tbe distinction between temporary dethronement of reason and such temporary domination of judgment by an irresistible impulse of passion as to render the mind deaf, so to speak, to
In the light of the foregoing little more need be said to show that the judgment complained of must be reversed than to quote the only instruction which the court gave on the subject of manslaughter in the third degree, except to recite the statutory definition. This is the instruction:
“Heat of passion as used in this section means something more than mere anger or irritation. It means passion: such passion as amounts to a temporary dethronement of reason, and rendering the slayer incapable of forming a deliberate, premeditated design to kill; passion engendered by provocation; provocation to that degree that the heat of passion thereby engendered was so great as to amount to temporary dethronement of reason and rendering the slayer incapable of forming the déliberate, premeditated design to kill. If he is capable of forming and does form and execute such design or intent unlawfully, it is murder in the first degree although he may have received some provocation and acted under some passion.”
We do not fail to note what the learned attorney general called to our attention, regarding the term dethronement of reason being immediately followed in the conjunctive by the idea of incapacity to form a distinct intent to kill. Such idea, as phrased and expressed, was not used as it might have been in the way of an explanatory or modifying clause. Had it been so used, possibly the case might be saved. It were better, however, had. it not been used at all. The learned court in
By the Court. — The judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial. The warden of the state prison will surrender the plaintiff in error to the sheriff of Milwaukee county. Tie will hold him in custody until he shall be discharged or his custody changed by due course of law.