Johnson v. StateJohnson v. State
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Colley
This is an appeal from a conviction for robbery.1 Punishment was assessed at twenty years in prison.2 We will affirm.
Appellant presents four points of error. In his first three points of error, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the identification evidence to support the conviction.
The first point of error challenges the idеntification by the victim, Ms. Bobbie Whittington, of appellant as the perpetrator of the robbery. The point raises both the propriety of a pretrial photographic line-up and the in-court identification of appеllant. Appellant contends that Whit-tington’s identification of him resulted from an impermissibly suggestive line-up which also tainted her in-court identification.3
A pretrial identification procedure which is so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a substantiаl likelihood of irreparable misidentification violates due process. Rogers v. State, 774 S.W.2d 247, 260 (Tex.Cr.App.1989), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 519, 107 L.Ed.2d 520 (1989); Jackson v. State, 657 S.W.2d 123, 127-28 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); Medina v. State, 743 S.W.2d 950, 956 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1988, pet. ref’d). It is well established, however, that an in-court identification is admissible, even if an impermissible pretrial procedure was emрloyed, if the record shows that the identification is based upon the witness’ prior observation and not upon the improper pretrial identification procedure. Rogers, 774 S.W.2d at 260; Jackson, 657 S.W.2d at 130. The key to evaluating identification procedures and testimony is reliability.
In the case before us, the appellant timely objected to the victim’s testimony regarding the disputed pre-trial photographic line-up and in-court identification. At a hearing outside the presence of the jury, Whittingtоn testified that the man who robbed her stood across the motel desk from her, about two and one-half feet away. The area was “very well lighted” and the perpetrator did not wear any kind of mask or disguise. Nothing obstructed her view of thе robber and before he pushed her she was able to get a clear view of him. Whittington identified the appellant in court as the man who robbed her and stated that “I am identifying that man because that‘s the man that robbed me.” In responsе to questions from the trial court, Whittington unequivocally stated that her identification of the appellant was based upon her observation of him on the date of the offense and not as a result of the photographic line-uр shown to her.
The trial court found that Whittington’s identification was indeed based upon her observations during the offense and was not tainted in any way by any photographic line-up. The in-court identification testimony was ruled to be admissible.
Before the jury, Whittington testified that on the date of the robbery the appellant came into the motel for money change around 1:00 a.m. He returned about 4:00 a.m. asking for more change. It was during the second visit that the robbery occurred. Whittingtоn again testified that the lighting in the area was bright. She also testified that the robber had on a baseball cap and a tannish windbreaker jacket. She did not testify before the jury *332about her pre-trial identification of appellant based on the photograрhic lineup.
The record clearly establishes that Whit-tington’s identification of appellant as the person who committed the robbery on April 1, 1988, resulted from her observation of him before and during the offense. She had the opportunity to observe the man twice at close range, in a well lighted area. She testified that the first time appellant approached her for change, he leaned so far over the counter that it made a cracking nоise causing her to look up at him again. She paid enough attention to describe to the police the man’s clothing and his appearance. Whittington’s observations of appellant were sufficient to serve as an indеpendent origin for her in-court identification of him, without regard to the pre-trial line-up. Her testimony was therefore admissible. The first point of error is overruled.
Appellant’s second and third points of error go to secondary identification issues relating to evidence of footprints found outside the motel, the identity of the vehicle in which he was riding, and the clothing he was allegedly wearing. In light of Whittington’s identification of appellant as the person who robbed her, whеther or not the footprints belonged to appellant, the vehicle was accurately described, or the police ever recovered a jacket and baseball cap as described by Whit-tington, would not affeсt the outcome. We therefore overrule the second and third points of error.
In his fourth point of error, appellant contends that the trial court committed fundamental error by charging the jury on a culpable mental state not alleged in the indictment. The appellee (State) admits that the charge was erroneous, and agrees that the case should be reversed and remanded for a new trial.
The indictment alleged, inter alia, that appеllant “intentionally, while in the course of committing theft of property ... caus[ed] bodily injury to Bobby Whitting-ton. ...” The court in its charge instructed the jury that “if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 1st day of April, 1988 in Hopkins Cоunty, Texas, the defendant, Ray Charles Johnson, while in the course of committing theft of property, and with intent to obtain and maintain control of said property, did then and there intentionally or knomngly cause bodily injury to Bobbie Whittington by pushing her to the floor, then you will find the defendant guilty of robbery as charged.” (Emphasis added.) The charge defined both “intentionally” and “knowingly” in accordance with
We agree that the trial court’s charge was defective because it authorized a conviction on a basis not alleged in the indictment. See Garcia v. State, 640 S.W.2d 939, 941 (Tex.Cr.App.1982); Wilson v. State, 625 S.W.2d 331, 333 (Tex.Cr.App.1981). This conclusion, however, does not end our inquiry. Although neither party addressed this aspect of the point, we are instructed by Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex.Cr.App.1984), that when no proper objection is made at trial, reversal is proper “only if the error is so egregious and created such harm that [the defendant] ‘has not had a fair and impartial trial’_” Id. at 171. In determining whethеr the erroneous charge caused “egregious harm,” we must decide whether the error goes to the very basis of the case, deprived the accused of a valuable right, or *333vitally affected his defensive theory. Id. 686 S.W.2d at 172. In so doing, we must look to the entire record.
The evidence regarding the conduct of aрpellant that caused Whittington’s injuries consists of her testimony that when she bent over to open the change drawer, “he pushed me. Caught me right here and knocked me into the wall back behind the desk and I fell to the floor.... I hit the wall with my shoulder area and upper part of my back then hit the floor on my hip....” According to her testimony, she received a bruise on her hip and a pinched nerve in her shoulder. There was no other evidence concerning the actions of appellant which allegedly caused Whittington’s injury.
We are not persuaded that appellant was deprived of a “fair and impartial trial” by the charge error, considering Almanza’s standard for review of unobjected to charge еrrors, or, for that matter, in considering the standard provided by
It is undisputed that the robber pushed the victim against the wall behind her desk, causing her to fall to the floor. Other portions of the victim’s testimony show that she sustained “bodily injury,” as that term is defined in
Under the facts shown by the record, respеcting the infliction of bodily injury upon the victim, whether appellant had a “conscious objective or desire to ... cause the result [injury to the victim]” or was “aware that his conduct [was] reasonably certain to cause the result” is of no moment. The inclusion in the charge of the culpable state of “knowingly” does not, under the circumstances in this case, lessen the State’s burden of proof or otherwise harm appellant. Any hypertechnical or theoretical distinction between the two equally culpable mental states of “knowingly” and “intentionally,”5 as applied here, in no way prevented appellant from receiving a fair trial at the hands of an impartial judge and jury. In our oрinion, the record shows that he received just such a fair trial. He received only the maximum punishment for a second degree felony, despite the fact that the State alleged and proved one prior conviction for enhancement purposes, or to expand the range of available punishment to that prescribed for a first degree felony. See
*334Because appellant was not “egregiously” harmed by the error, we overrule his fourth point of error, and affirm the judgment.
Notes
. Pursuant to
. The indiсtment contained allegations that appellant had been previously convicted of two felony theft offenses. However, the court in its punishment charge submitted only one prior conviction. Because of appеllant’s plea of true thereto, the jury was instructed to find the allegation to be true. Further, the jury was instructed on the range of punishment applicable to a first degree felony under the enhancement provisions of
. As the appellee points out, the crux of appellant‘s point is somewhat unclear. However, we construe the point liberally, and thus view it as raising both aspects of the identification procedure.
.
(a) A person acts intentionally, оr with intent, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.
(b) A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to thе nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is аware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.
. We are aware that