This appeal is from a decree of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, dismissing plaintiff’s bill in an action to quash an assessment of special taxes against certain land situated along Rhode Island avenue extended. The tax levied was for one-half the cost of taking up an existing macadam pavement on Rhode Island avenue and replacing it with an asphalt pavement. The assessments were made under the provisions of the Act of Congress of July 21,1914, 38 Stat. 517, 524, as follows:
“Hereafter whenever under appropriations made by Congress, the roadway of any street, avenue, or road in the District of Columbia is improved by laying a new pavement thereon or completely resurfacing the same not less than one square in extent, from curb to curb, or from gutter to gutter where no curb exists, where the material used is sheet asphalt, asphalt block, asphaltic or bituminous macadam, concrete, or other fixed roadway pavement, such proportion of the total cost of the work, including all expenses of the assessment, to be made as hereinafter prescribed, shall be charged against and become a lien upon the abutting property, and assessments therefor shall be levied pro rata according to the linear frontage of said property on the street, avenue, or road, or portion thereof upon the roadway of which said new pavement or resurfacing is laid: Provided, that there shall be excepted from such assessment the cost of paving the roadway space included within the intersection of streets, avenues, and roads, as said intersections are included within the building lines projected, and also the cost of paving the space within such roadways for which street railway companies are responsible under their charters or under law on streets, avenues, or roads where such railways have been or shall be constructed.”
And also the provisions of the Act of September 1, 1916, 39 Stat. 676, 716, known as the Borland Amendment, as follows:
*526 “That hereafter the half cost of the paving or repaving of a roadway between the side thereof and the center thereof with sheet asphalt block, granite block, vitrified block, cement concrete bituminous concrete, macadam, or other form of pavement shall be assessed against the property abutting the side of the street so improved, such assessments to be levied and collected as now provided as to alleys and sidewalks: Provided, that the advertisement by publication of the commissioners’ intention to do such work and the formal hearing in respect thereto required by law as to alley and sidewalk improvements shall not be required as to roadway improvements.”
This method of taxation is properly known as the “front foot rule.” The assessment against plaintiff’s property amounted to $3.17 per front foot, or a total of $6,-112.25. The land in controversy, hereafter for convenience referred to as the “Small tract,” is shown inclosed within heavy lines on the following plat:
It appears that, with the exception ofblock 4022 and the small triangular piece bounded by Rhode Island avenue, Brentwood road, and Fourteenth street, it lies south of Rhode Island avenue and contains 46.65 acres. The streets appearing on the plat on the land south of the avenue have not been opened, but are merely projected under the “District highway plan.” This land is now used for farming purposes.
It appears from the' record and a large map in evidence that the property fronting on the north side of Rhode Island avenue and extending east and west of the Small tract, is largely improved city property. While there is less improvement on the south side of the avenue, a section of platted and improved city property lies immediately east of the Small tract, and still further east is-a large section of improved city propertyRhode Island avenue is a main thoroughfare, extending in a northeasterly direction, from the center of the city to the District line, where it connects with a through highway to-Baltimore. There is a double-track street car line extending along the center of the avenue from the heart of the city to the limits of the improved section. We are not, therefore, as in the case of Rudolph et al. v. Knox et al., 52 App. D. C. 33,
The chief contention of the appellants is-that, because of the peculiar relation of plaintiff’s property to Rhode Island avenue, as shown by the plat, and the relation of other property similarly situated to the avenue, the assessments made on the frontage basis are -arbitrary, unequal, and discriminatory. The legality of this method of assessing taxes for local improvements, against property facing on streets which divide uniform city squares, is not questioned when, applied to property of substantially uniform depth and of comparatively equal value, and when the assessments are not in excess of' the benefits.
We are not unmindful of the reluctance of the federal courts to interfere with the authority of -the Legislatures of the states to-create or authorize the creation of special taxing districts,-and charge the cost, in whole- or in part, against abutting property upon the frontage basis, without necessarily violating the Fourteenth Amendment to the-federal Constitution. Tonawanda v. Lyon,
Some of the states still adhere to the principle that assessments on the frontage basis may be imposed without notice or hearing, or without regard to whether the benefits equal the assessment. Many of the states, however, following the decision of Norwood v. Baker,
In some of the states there are constitutional provisions which either expressly or by construction are inconsistent with assessments on the frontage basis, or, if such assessments are permitted, they are subject to the requirement that they do not exceed the special benefits to the property assessed. Montgomery v. Moore,
The rule thus established in most of the states, whether in response to constitutional limitation or judicial decision, is not different from the holding of the federal courts in subjecting special assessments of taxes on the frontage basis to the limitations of the federal Constitution. In White v. City of Tacoma (C. C.)
It is competent, however, in cases of special assessments, arising under a general law, to inquire, not only into the matter of discrimination and inequality, but as to the approximate accord between the assessment and the benefits actually derived by the property owners from the improvement. These questions are always open in cases relating to the repaving or repair of streets, where the local authorities act under a statute conferring general discretionary power. The present law is not- a legislative adjudication concerning a particular place and a particular plan, but it applies to streets, avenues, and roads generally throughout the District; it is a general prospective law. Nor are the assessments based proportionately upon an ascertained valuation of the properties, as, for example, in the case of Wight v. Davidson, supra. Therefore, in testing the validity of this amendment, we are not dealing with an incidental benefit common to the whole community, or a legislatively determined method of assessing benefits in a particular locality, but with a general law applied to a unique situation, owing to the peculiar manner in which the avenues of the city of Washington are projected. Their diagonal course through the city squares, together with the irregular manner in which many roads are laid out, as, for example, Brentwood road in the present case, result in creating irregular, triangular, fractional blocks,' facing upon such roads and avenues.
By reference to the plat, it will be ob
On the other hand, the balance of the Small tract, lying south of Rhode Island avenue, whether treated as farm land or as future city squares, as disclosed and anticipated by the highway plan, presents an even more complex situation thap. exists on the north side of the avenue. If treated as prospective city blocks, we have, facing Rhode Island avenue, nothing but a series of small triangular blocks, showing even less justification for the assessment than is found on the north side of the avenue. If the Small tract south of the avenue be treated as farm land, the assessment meets with many of the infirmities pointed out in the Knox Case. The evidence adduced at the hearing shows that it has been little, if any, benefited by the improvement on Rhode Island avenue. For farm purposes and the convenience of reaching the city, macadam pavement would meet the requirements equally as well as asphalt pavement. The paving of the avenue with asphalt was an improvement' of general public benefit, rather than for the benefit of farm property that may lie adjacent thereto.
In the assessment of taxes on the front foot basis for publie improvements, it has been held that, where the tax thus imposed is greatly in excess of the benefits, the assessment will not be sustained. In the case of Brandenburg v. District of Columbia,
The court disposing of the case said:
“The law is not a legislative adjudication concerning a particular place and a particular plan like the one before the court in Wight v. Davidson,181 U. S. 371 [21 S. Ct. 616 ,45 L. Ed. 900 ]. It is a general prospective law. The charges in all eases are to be apportioned within the limited taxing district of a square, and therefore it well may happen, it is argued, that they exceed the benefit conferred, in some case of which Congress never thought and upon which it could not have passed.”
Whatever may 'be the benefit resulting from the improvement to the owners of city lots, improved or unimproved, adjacent to a paved street, it is elear that on no principle of equity or uniformity could the same rule of benefits be applied to a large tract of farm lands similarly situated, especially, as in the present ease, where the division of the farm lands into a network of streets and city blocks is anticipated.
In Gast Realty Co. v. Schneider Granite Co.,
The court held in substance that, while taxing districts, to meet the expense of local improvements, may be created without necessarily encountering the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and the law does not adopt imaginary exactness in establishing such a district, yet where a district is so formed, or a tax is imposed under a statute where there is no reasonable presumption that substantial justice will be done, and where property owners of necessity will be disproportionately taxed, such a law cannot stand as constitutional. The court further held that the ordinance of St. Louis, in the instant case, providing for the assessment of the part of the cost of paving against the property fronting on the street, based on an area which provided unequal depth of the assessment district, necessarily results in disproportionate taxation, and is equally unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Applying the decision in the Gast Case to the inequalities here encountered, the similarity is apparent. For example, immediately west of the narrow triangular block above shown on the map is block 3956, a part of which has a frontage on Rhode Island avenue of 286 feet, ranging in depth from 261 feet to 386 feet, assessed upon the same frontage basis as the small triangular bloek.
Where these inequalities exist, the court will intervene to prevent an injustice being perpetrated. Under the method here provided, the assessments, fixed upon a purely arbitrary basis, were imposed without regard to either the relative size or value of the property taxed or the relative value of the benefits to the amount assessed. The property owners affected were afforded neither notice nor a hearing. Indeed, the statute expressly prohibits the granting of a hearing.
In White v. City of Tacoma, supra, the court held that, to justify a special assessment by the front foot plan, such assessment must be equal and fair, and exclude any ground of complaint of actual injustice. It further held that an assessment will be vacated where it appears that the improvement is without any resulting benefit to the property, or where, due to the inability of the courts to eliminate or correct physical conditions, the frontage basis of assessment of benefits may prove inequitable. On this point the court said:
“When a street is graded or paved, the improvement is generally actually beneficial to the property abutting upon it, and the benefit is permanent, so that the owner cannot well say that the cost of the improvement, distributed according to the per front-foot plan, exceeds the benefits. But physical conditions may make a difference, and if, in fact, the benefits to the different lots abutting on improved streets are not approximately equal, then assessments according to that plan are necessarily unequal and unjust. * * * I consider that each case arising under the laws for assessing abutting property to pay for street improvements must depend upon its particular facts. If it appears that an assessment has been levied by competent authority, and that it is fair, and not in excess of the benefits to accrue by reason of the improvements to be paid for, it will be sustained by the courts. It is equally the duty of the courts to restrain the collection of assessments which are shown to be mere attempts to take the property of one for the use of others without compensation to the owner.”
Counsel for the District plant themselves upon the decision of the court in Parsons v. District of Columbia,
The chief contention in the Parsons Case was that the assessment had been imposed against the property in question without notice and a hearing afforded the owner. The court held that, where the Legislature has as
It is urged that there is no distinction between the legislative act of fixing the assessment for water mains at $1.25 per front foot and the legislative act of declaring that one-half the cost of paving a street shall be assessed against the abutting property on the front foot basis. We think there is a clear distinction. In the one instance the extension of water mains is a local improvement almost solely beneficial to the adjoining property, and where the rate of the tax to be assessed is a fixed amount it will be assumed that the Legislature fixed the rate after full consideration of all the circumstances, leaving nothing for the commissioners to do “but to determine the question of the propriety and necessity of laying water mains and water pipes, and erecting fire plugs and hydrants.”
But a different rule prevails as to assessments for paving and improving streets. As said in the Gast Case, supra: “The Legislature may create taxing districts to meet the expense of local improvements and may fix the basis of taxation without encountering the Fourteenth Amendment unless its action is palpably arbitrary or a plain abuse. Houck v. Little River Drainage District,
This recent statement of the law by the Supreme Court is in a ease holding a special assessment void, though made under an act of the Missouri Legislature creating a charter for the city of St. Louis. In view of this decision, and the other authorities herein cited and discussed, we find no difficulty in distinguishing the Parsons Case from the one at bar.
But this assessment must fail upon a still broader and more equitable ground. The statute is not local in terms, nor is it here invoked to authorize a local improvement affecting specially the people adjacent to the avenue, but an improvement beneficial to the people of the District in general and to the country beyond, in that the repaving of this avenue resulted in the paving of. an old established city street, as part of a boulevard scheme connecting Washington and Baltimore. Our attention has not been called to a ease where a general repaving act providing for the arbitrary assessment of the expenses, or a portion thereof against the abutting property, regardless of resulting benefits, has been upheld. It may well be that conditions could exist so equitable and fair that an assessment on the front foot plan might be sustained; but to do so there must be a relative equality in the value and depth of the abutting property, and the assessments must not exceed the benefits.
In French v. Barber Asphalt Paving Co.,
It further appeared that “the work was done conformably to the requirements of the Kansas City Charter,” under an, ordinance, published for 10 days in a newspaper, and reserving for 30 days thereafter the right to
Special statutes or ordinances providing for the assessment of benefits equivalent to the cost of the improvement on the frontage basis; where the statute or ordinance relates to an assessment for a local improvement, as, for example, the opening and grading of a street, converting unimproved land into city property, where not grossly unequal or inequitable, will be upheld.
The front foot method of assessment for street improvement, under a general statute, is condemned specially on the theory that it taxes the individual property fronting on the improvement for all or a fixed portion of the expense, to the exemption of all other property in the municipality. It is not a local improvement, beneficial chiefly to the immediate property affected; but a publie improvement, the expense of which should be borne by all the property of the community on an equal proportionate basis. To thus tax all or an unequal portion of the burden of the expense of a general publie improvement against the property of a single person or a group of persons, to the exemption of the publie generally, falls within the constitutional inhibition forbidding the taking of private property for a publie use without just compensation.
Cooley, in his work on Taxation (3d Ed.) 1224, condemning the frontage rule when applied to a public street improvement, said: “It considers each lot by itself, compelling each to bear the burden of the improvement in front of it, without reference to any contribution to be made to the improvement of any other property, and it is consequently without any apportionment. From accidental circumstances, the major part of the cost of an important publie work may be expended in front of a single lot; those circumstances not at all contributing to make the improvement more valuable to the lot thus specially burdened, perhaps even having the opposite consequence. But, whatever might be the result in particular eases, the fatal vice in the system is that it provides for no taxing districts whatever. It is as arbitrary in principle, and would sometimes be as unequal in operation, as a regulation that, the town from which a state officer chanced' to be chosen should pay Ms salary, or that the locality in which the standing army, or any portion of it, should be stationed for the-time being, should be charged with its support. If one is legitimate taxation, the other would be.”
We are forced to the conclusion that there-is no theory on which the legality of this assessment can be sustained. If the paving off Rhode Island avenue be treated as an original improvement, converting a Mghway into a paved city street, its constitutional infirmities are emphasized by reason of the existence of physical conditions forbidding any equal, fair, or equitable’ application of the frontage rule of taxing benefits. If considered as a repair of the avenue, in the form of repaving, its validity must be condemned for-the additional considerations pointed out,, bringing it within the scope of a general city improvement.
The decree is reversed, with costs, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings,, not inconsistent with tMs opinion.