156 Iowa 64 | Iowa | 1912
Walnut street in the city of Des Moines is one of the main business thoroughfares of the city. It runs west from the river and, as originally platted from the river to Fifth street, was eighty feet wide, and from Fifth street west was but sixty feet in width. F. M. Hubbell was a large owner of . real estate on the south side of Walnut street between Fifth and Eighth streets, and at an early day proposed to the other abutting property owners on this street that the sidewalk be broadened from Fifth to Eighth street without changing the curb line. He took the matter up with one Clapp and other owners, and by paying Clapp either $100 or $200 secured an agreement from him and the other abutting owners between Fifth and Sixth streets to widen the sidewalk between these points. Thereafter he procured like agreements from the owners of property between Sixth and Seventh streets, and thereafter similar agreements among the property owners on the south side of Walnut street between Seventh and Eighth streets. Clapp set his building four feet back from the line, and, while other buildings were then on this four-foot strip when they were replaced by permanent structures, they were all set back four feet according to agreement. The various agreements were made some time prior to the year 1876, and every one abided by them for fifteen or twenty years.- The property in question is between
Know all men by these presents, that we, William McClelland (unmarried), S. A. Robertson and Margaret P. Robertson, his wife, Elizabeth Dimmitt (widow), Charles II. Getchell and Rachael E. Getchell, his wife, all of the county of Polk and state of Iowa, for and in consideration of the advantages which will result to each and all of us who are owners of lots Nos. one (1) and two (2) and seven (7) and eight (8) in block No. two (2) of the original town of Port Des Moines, now included in the corporate limits of the city of Des Moines, Iowa, do hereby mutually agree to and with each other and bind ourselves and appropriate, set apart and use for sidewalk purposes the following parcel of land, to wit:
A strip of ground four feet wide off the north side of lots Nos. one (1) and eight (8), in block No. two (2) aforesaid and running the whole length of said lots, and to that end we mutually agree to and with each other that in case we erect or cause to be erected upon said lots or any part thereof, any building or buildings after this date, will set said building four feet south of the' north line of said lots, and upon the erection of such building or buildings, we will construct and thereafter maintain upon said -strip of four feet of ground a good substantial sidewalk at the proper grade; and that said strip of four feet shall never be reclaimed for the purpose of erecting buildings thereon or be used for any other than sidewalk purpose except it be by the unanimous consent of all the owners of property in said lots Nos. one (1) and eight (8) expressed in writing, signed, sealed -and acknowledged.
It is understood that said -strip of four feet, or so much thereof as may be needed, may be used by the parties who own the property for -stairways into their several basements, and for the display of goods, warps and merchandise; but it is not the intention of the parties hereto to dedicate said strip of ground to the city of Des Moines or to the public, but to hold it as private property, to be used as above stated and for our own convenience and profit.
. When defendant first constructed his building upon the lot now owned by him, the front was set back so aS to leave this four-foot strip, but a step or approach to the building was with the consent of the board of public works of the city constructed upon this four-foot strip. This step was seven and three-fourths inches high and four feet wide and extended the full width of the building on Walnut street. This step remained there until he (Robertson) concluded to remodel his building some time in the fall of the year 1909, when he tore it out, and in place thereof was proposing to erect a large display window covering almost this entire four-foot strip, which window was to be fourteen or fifteen feet high, thirty-three and one-third feet wide, and four feet deep, save for an entrance into the store building near the center ten feet and nine
The record also .contains the following: “Said hearing was accordingly had, and at the conclusion thereof the court orally announced that an order should be entered for a temporary injunction as prayed; but no record of such order was made, and no such writ ever in fact issued.”
The case came on for final hearing on March 15, 1911, and was finally disposed of on the 16th of that month, the decree being in favor of Robertson.
The- intervener city claims that the four-foot, strip is a part of Walnut street acquired through dedication or by prescription, and that it is entitled to maintain this action to prevent the obstruction of the street. The Johnson & Miller Company as lessees from Weitz claims that it is
As has already been observed, plaintiff has not shown himself entitled to any relief, and the trial court was right in dismissing his petition.
Ordinarily a tenant for years has no title to the land and he has no right to enforce any of the covenants made in any of the deeds which constitute the chain of title. But for some purposes a tenant is in privity with his landlord (Allen v. Culver, 3 Denio (N. Y.) 295; Lincoln v. Burrage, 177 Mass. 378 (59 N. E. 67, 52 L. R. A. 110); Parker v. Nightingale, 6 Allen (Mass.) 341 (83 Am. Dec. 632)), and may maintain an action -against any one who interferes with his possessory right. If, we find, then, that these building restrictions or agreements create an estate or easement in the land or appurtenances there
Even in some of the jurisdictions where, as in England, the burden of a covenant does not run with the land, an agreement as to the use of land may, under certain circumstances, affect a subsequent purchaser of the land who takes with notice of the agreement; equity in such case enjoining a use of the land in violation of such agreement. As stated in the leading case on the subject, ‘the question is not whether the covenant runs with the land, but whether a party shall be permitted to use the land in a manner inconsistent with the contract entered into by his vendor, and with notice of which he purchased.’ The person thus affected by the agreement as to the use of the land may be a purchaser, a lessee, or even, it has been decided, a mere occupant of the land. There is some difficulty in explaining this doctrine so far as it- involves an enforcement in equity of rights which are denied at law, and in some cases in this country the right to relief in equity in such a case seems to be based, not on the English theory of relief against a purchaser with notice, but on the theory that, by the covenant, an easement. is created. This latter theory is, however, itself unsatisfactory in some respects, and is insufficient .to explain all the cases in which relief has thus been granted against an assignee of the land. (Section 348, vol. 1, Tiffany on Real Property.)
In England, an agreement will thus be enforced in*74 equity against a subsequent purchaser or occupant only when it is restrictive of the use of the land, and not when it calls for the performance of some positive act by the occupant thereof. In this country, occasionally, an agreement not restrictive in its nature has thus been enforced. In the great majority of cases, however, the agreement enforced has been restrictive. Thus, agreements not to use land for building, or for a particular business, or for other than residence purposes, are thus enforceable, as are agreements not to build within a certain distance of the street, or to erect no building of less than a certain cost, or of a style of construction other than that named. According to a few decisions, the agreement, even though restrictive, in order to be thus enforced against a subsequent purchaser, must Touch and concern’ the land in favor of whose owner the agreement is made, by tending to the physical advantage of such land, it being insufficient that it increases its value indirectly by preventing the use of the adjoining property for a competing business. ‘ In England and New York, however, a different view apparently prevails. The right to' thus enforce an agreement against a subsequent- purchaser on equitable principles is, at least in some jurisdictions, independent of the mode or incidents of its execution. It need not be a covenant — ‘that is, an agreement under seal- — -and it is sufficient if it be oral, or merely inferred from certain representations made upon the sale of land. (Section 349, vol. 1, Tiffany on Real Property.)
The purchaser of a tract can enforce an agreement restrictive of the use of another tract made with the former owner of both tracts only if the agreement was originally intended to inure to the benefit of any such purchaser, or, in other words, was intended to benefit the land rather than the promisee personally. Consequently a vendee of a tract of land, seeking to enforce such an agreement against a vendee from the same person of an adjoining tract, must show that the agreement was so intended, and this he may do by evidence as to the situation and condition of the property and the surrounding circumstances. An intention that purchasers shall enjoy the benefit of the agreement is, it seems, invariably presumed from the fact that the lots purchased were laid off for sale as building*75 lots, with no intention on the part of the purchaser so laying them off to retain any portion of the property for his own enjoyment. According to the English cases, the restriction must have been actually entered into the subsequent purchase — that is, the purchaser must, as it were, have purchased the right to take advantage of the agreement. (Section 351, vol. 1, Tiffany on Real Property.)
Another writer has said:
The rights created by restrictive covenant and agreements are frequently spoken of as easements; and, while the method of creating these- rights and the limits within which courts of equity enforce them differentiate them from ordinary easements, yet the fact that courts restrict them to a negative character, and demand, in order to fasten them upon land, that they must be imposed for the advantage of other neighboring lands, requiring in a word a servient and a dominant tenement, brings them into close analogy with true easements. Nor is -the fact that they are created by covenant a negation of this character, for an easement may be created by words of covenant as well as by words of grant; and it is not necessary that the rights should be created at the time that the dominant or servient estate is conveyed. It has been denied, however, that these rights can satisfactorily be considered as easements, and courts of equity usually speak of them as negative or equitable easements, or simply as equities or amenities. (Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, vol. 5, pages 4 and 5.)
Building restrictions and other limitations on the use of property of a character which the law permits to be attached to land in such a sense as to restrict the use of one parcel thereof in favor of another will be enforced in courts of equity upon equitable grounds, in favor of and against the parcels designed to be benefited or burdened by the restriction in whosesoever hands the parcels may be, without regard to whether the restriction is a covenant running with the land, or even, it would seem, without regard to whether the right created can be properly considered in the nature of an easement, provided that the person in possession of the parcel subject to the burden of the restriction took it with notice thereof, either actual*76 or constructive. When a lot has been sold subject to such a restriction, the price is presumed to' have been affected thereby, ‘and nothing could be more inequitable than that the original purchaser should he be the assignee being allowed to escape from the liability which he had himself undertaken.’ . . . The vital question in these cases is'not whether there is a covenant running with the land, but whether the restriction was imposed upon the servient estate for the benefit of the land in behalf of which it is sought to be enforced. Whether the restriction was so imposed, or was merely a personal contract for the benefit of the vendor, is to be determined, generally, by the fair interpretation of. the grant or reservation creating it, aided, if necessary, by reference to the situation of the property and the surrounding circumstances. . . . The great majority of cases wherein these principles are - applied are those where a tract or estate is sold in lots or parcels, and covenants are exacted from the several purchasers imposing restrictions upon the use of the lots sold in pursuance of a general plan for the mututal advantage of all the parcels. In such cases, the restrictive covenants entered into ^ between the first purchasers and, their common vendor may be enforced by the purchasers or their assigns, without regard to the priority of title between the parties. ... In England the rule is well established that a court of equity will only enforce, in accordance with the principles laid down in this title, negative covenants and agreements, and will not enforce covenants to do positive acts relating to land, or requiring the expenditure of money, thus drawing the line as to the enforcement of these restrictions as it would run where the rights created by them considered as easements. But in the United States equity has lent its aid to enforce agreements to do positive acts. (Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, vol. 5, pages 9-15.)
In Parker v. Nightingale, 6 Allen, 341 (83 Am. Dec. 632), the Supreme Court of Massachusetts said:
A court of chancery will recognize and enforce agreements concerning the occupation and mode of use of real estate, although they are not expressed with technical accuracy, as exceptions or reservations out of a grant not*77 binding as covenants real running with the land. Nor is it at all material that such stipulations should be binding at law, or that any privity of estate should subsist between parties in order to render them obligatory, and to warrant equitable relief in case of their infraction. A covenant, though in gross at law, may nevertheless be binding in equity, even to the extent of fastening a servitude or easement on real property, or of securing to the owner of one parcel of land a privilege, or, as it is sometimes called, ‘a. right to an amenity’ in the use of an adjoining parcel, by which his own eátate may be en-chanced in value or rendered more agreeable as a place of residence. Restrictions and limitations which may be put on property by means of such stipulations derive their validity from the right which every owner of the fee has to dispose of his estate either absolutely or by a qualified grant, or to regulate the manner in which it shall be used and occupied. So long as he retains the title in himself, his covenants and agreements respecting the use and enjoyment of his estate will be binding on him personally, and can be specifically enforced in equity. When he disposes of it by grant or otherwise, those who take under him can not equitably refuse to fulfill stipulations concerning the premises of which they had notice. It is upon this ground that courts of equity will afford relief to parties aggrieved by the neglect or omission to comply with agreements respecting real estate after it has passed by mesne conveyances out of the lands of those who were parties to the original contract. A purchaser of land, with notice of a right or interest in it existing only by agreement with 'his vendor, is bound to do that which his grantor had agreed to perform, because it would be unconscientious and, inequitable for him to violate or disregard the valid agreements of the vendor in regard to the estate, of which he had notice when he became the purchaser. In such cases it is true that the aggrieved party can often have no remedy at law. There may be neither privity of estate nor privity of contract between himself and those who attempt to appropriate property in contravention of the use or mode of enjoyment impressed upon it by the agreement of their grantor, and with notice of which they took the estate from him. But*78 it' is none the less contrary to equity that those to whom the estate comes, with notice of the rights of another respecting it, should wilfully disregard them, and, in the absence of any remedy at law, the stronger is the necessity of affording in such cases equitable relief, if it - can be given consistently with public policy and without violating any absolute rule of law. These principles were fully explained and applied by this court in the recent case of Whitney v. Union Railway, 11 Gray (Mass.) 359 (71 Am. Dec. 715), and are constantly acted upon by the court of chancery in England and by the courts of this country exercising equity powers. Mann v. Stephens, 15 Sim. 377; Tulk v. Moxhay, 11 Beav. 571, and 2 Phillips R. 774, and 1 Hall De G. Macn. & Gord. 1, and 1 Kay. 56; Piggott v. Stratton, De G., Fisher & Jones, 33. . . .
This brings us to a consideration of the most important and difficult question raised by the demurrer, which is whether the present plaintiffs, or any of them, set forth in the bill any such claim or title as will enable them to enforce this restriction on the use and occupation of the premises in controversy as against the defendants. A satisfactory answer to this inquiry will, we think, be found in the fact, which is sufficiently apparent from the allegations in the bill that the purpose intended to be accomplished by the restrictions inserted in the deeds of the estate now owned and occupied by the defendants was for the benefit and advantage of other owners of lots -situated on the same street or court. Indeed, it could have been designed for no other purpose. ' If we lay aside all the facts alleged in the bill which rest in parol evidence only, and look exclusively to the history of the title as shown by the deeds, the conclusion is unavoidable that the original grantors, in whom the title to the entire tract now owned by the several parties to this suit in different parcels was vested, intended, by limiting the use of the several lots and prescribing the kind of structures which are to be erected by the grantees thereon, to establish a permanent regulation and restriction by which to prevent each parcel from being appropriated to a purpose which might inure to t<he injury of any other parcel or render it less agreeable as a place of residence. By excluding*79 all erections for thé purposes of trade, and appropriating each lot to a prescribed use as a dwelling house, the entire neighborhood comprised within the limits of the original tract laid out for a street or court was secured against annoyances arising from occupations which would impair the value of the several lots as places of residence. Thus a right or privilege or amenity in each lot was permanently secured to tho owners of the other estates. That this restriction or limitation was not imposed by (the original grantors for their own benefit or advantage, and’ can not be considered as personal to them, is manifest from the fact that they retained no right or interest in any of the parcels of land. The whole tract was conveyed by them. It does not appear that they retained the occupancy or ownership of any of the lots or of any adjoining estate by means of which they could derive any personal benefit or advantage from the restrictions. But, even if they had, it would not change the result; because by uniting in a scheme or joint enterprise for the division of the estate into lots or parcels on a street or court laid out by them, and annexing to the conveyance of each lot a restriction on its use, by the obseiwance of which each parcel would be occupied for a similar purpose with every other, the legal inference is, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, that the intention was to secure to each estate the benefit or advantage which might arise from the specific mode in which the adjoining premises were to be improved and occupied. The effect of such a restriction inserted in contemporaneous conveyances of the several parcels under the circumstances alleged in the bill, was to confer on each wvner a right or interest in the nature of a servitude in all lots situated on the same street which were conveyed subject to the restriction. Thus it entered into the consideration which each purchaser paid for his land, either by enhancing its price in view of the benefit secured to him in the restraint imposed on adjoining owners or by lessening its value in consequence of the limitation affixed to its use. In this view of the case, it is quite immaterial to determine the precise legal nature or quality of the restriction in question. In strictness, perhaps, the right or interest created by the restrictions, being a qualification of the fee, did not pass out of the original*80 grantors, and now remains vested in them or their heirs. But, if so, they hold it only as a dry trust, in which they have no beneficial use or enjoyment, the entire usufruct being in their grantees and their assigns now holding the estates for whose use and benefit it was intended. Such being the case, then the latter are proper parties to enforce the restriction; and the former, not having any present interest in it, need not be parties to the proceeding. The same result would follow if the restriction be construed as in the nature of a covenant by each grantee with the other owners of estates on the court, or others holding under a similar restriction. ...
Looking at the merits of the case as disclosed by the bill, it seems to us that the plaintiffs are entitled to maintain their bill to enforce the restriction by enjoining the use of the premises for the purposes for which they are alleged to be occupied by the defendant Loeber.
The same rule was announced in Hubbell v. Warren, 8 Allen (Mass.) 178; Whitney v. Union Ry. Co., 11 Gray (Mass.) 359 (71 Am. Dec. 715); Wolfe v. Frost, 4 Sandf. Ch. (N. Y.) 72; Tallmadge v. E. River Bank, 26 N. Y. 105; Green v. Creighton, 7 R. I. 1; Gibert v. Peteler, 38 Barb. (N. Y.) 488. In the latter case it was said: “The action of courts of equity in such cases is not limited by rules of legal liability and does not depend upon legal privity of estate, or require that the party invoking the aid of the court should come in under and after the covenant. A covenant or agreement, restricting the use of any lands or tenements in favor of or on account of other lands, creates an easement, and makes one tenement, in'the language of the civil law, servient, and the other dominant, and this without regard to any privity or connection of title or estate in the two parcels or their owners. All that is necessary is a clear manifestation of the intention of the person who is the source of title to subject one parcel of land to a restriction in its use for the benefit of another whether that, other belong at the time to himself or to third persons, and sufficient language to
From these decisions it will be observed that these building restrictions or agreements, particularly where negative in character, create equitable easements, amenities, or servitudes, and that they may be enforced by any one. interested in the property without regard to privity either of contract or estate and no matter whether the covenant may be said -to run with the land or not. It follows, then, that a tenant who is entitled to use this easement may bring a suit in equity to enjoin any one who is'threatening to interfere with that use.
It is true, of course, that the specific performance of such contracts like those relating to contracts affecting real estate in general rests largely in the sound discretion of the court, and if the defendant will be subject to great hardship, or the consequences would be inequitable, relief will be denied. Columbia College v. Thacher, 87 N. Y. 311 (41 Am. Rep. 365); Conger v. New York R. R. Co., 120 N. Y. 29 (23 N. E. 983); Parker v. Nightingale,
Of course the party complaining must not be guilty of laches, nor may he be in the position of having acquiesced in the breach. Payson v. Burnham, 141 Mass. 547 (6 N. E. 708); Jackson v. Stevenson, 156 Mass. 502 (31 N. E. 691, 32 Am. St. Rep. 476); Whitney v. Union R. R. Co., 11 Gray (Mass.) 367 (71 Am. Dec. 715); Ware v. Smith, 156 Mass. 186 (30 N. E. 609).
There is nothing in the case to show that the Johnson & Miller Company ever acquiesced in the breach of the agreement since it became a tenant of the property, and it commenced its suit against the defendant, or the action was brought by one of the members of that corporation, before Bobertson- had completed his improvement. This was the only breach which in any measure directly affected the property which they have leased. They have also pressed the suit with sufficient diligence, and should not be held guilty of- laches,
The defendant also relies upon an estoppel due to the fact that one or more of the heirs of the Weitz estate was the contractor who had the building of the encroachment complained of, and that by reason of having part in this work, they not only estopped themselves, but also their tenant, from claiming a breach. To this there areN two answers: In the first place, having rented the property to the Johnson-Miller Company, they could not destroy the equitable easement in their favor hy conduct, and in
Whether or not there has been a mutual abandonment is a question of fact rather than of law, although the better doctrine, we think, is stated in Payson v. Burnham, 141 Mass. 547 (6 N. E. 708); Rowland v. Miller, 139 N. Y. 93 (34 N. E. 765, 22 L. R. A. 182), and other cases to the effect that if the other erections did not interfere with plaintiff’s rights he will not be held to have acquiesced when one of the parties to the agreement or his grantee proposed to do that which would result in indirect injury to his property. In other cases it is said that acquiescence in the breach of such a covenant by other grantees will not deprive a lot owner of the right to enforce a restric
Again, in Hyman v. Task (N. J. Ch.) 71 Atl. 742, it is said in effect that violation of building restrictions 'will not prevent their enforcement if the violations are immaterial and such as do not prevent the general plan from being carried out. See, also, Bowen v. Smith, 76 N. J. Eq. 456 (74 Atl. 675).
The English cases generally hold that a person entitled to enforce a restrictive covenant may take no notice of violations not especially offensive to him without losing the right to enforce the restrictions in case of an especially offensive violation (Knight v. Simmons, 2 Ch. 294; Osborne v. Bradley, 2 Ch. 446; Weston v. McDermott, L. R. 2 Ch. Eng. 75), and the courts of this country have also adopted this rule. Barton v. Slifer, 72 N. J. Eq. 812 (66 Atl. 899); Rowland v. Miller, 139 N. Y. 93 (34 N. E. 765, 22 L. R. A. 184); Brigham v. Mulock Co., 74 N. J. Eq. 287 (70 Atl. 185); Bowen v. Smith, 76 N. J. Eq. 456 (74 Atl. 675); McGuire v. Caskey, 62 Ohio St. 419 (57 N. E. 53).
In the latter case it is held in effect that plaintiff’s submission to violations of a building line restriction, most of which were upon portions of the street remote from his premises, which violations did not substantially affect the enjoyment of his own property, did not operate as a waiver of his right to object to other encroachments by which such enjoyment would be materially impaired. In another case it was held that the erection of front steps over a building line and ornamental projections made without objection would not estop a party from enforcing a building-line agreement. Tripp v. O’Brien, 57 Ill. App. 407. See to the same effect and quite in point here Bacon v. Sandberg, 179 Mass. 396 (60 N. E. 936). Also the following to the same point: Payson v. Burnham, 141 Mass. 547 (6 N. E. 708); Steward v. Finklestone, 206 Mass.
So much as to the law. Now the most that can be claimed for the testimony upon this proposition is that defendant erected the step to his building to which we have referred; that more than twenty-five years ago steps were built upon this four-foot strip leading' to Foster’s Opera House, which was upon a lot near to that occupied by the Johnson-Miller Company; that steps were also erected leading to the Masonic Temple upon this four-foot. strip which is -in the same block as the Weitz property; that the front of a drug. store in the opera house building at the northwest corner of the block in which the property in question is situated was extended over and upon, this step. It was also shown that showcases were permitted to remain upon this strip, and that at the east end near Fifth street a front has been. extended over part of the strip. But the testimony also shows that almost without exception the walls of the buildings themselves and the projections Which came to the street line, save the steps referred to, have been with reference to the line established by the agreement. This is the general rule as to property upon the entire strip. Under such circumstances we do not think there was either an abandonment or abrogation of the building restriction either by Johnson & Miller Company or by its lessor. None of the claimed encroachments in any way interfered with their use and enjoyment of this property, whereas the testimony shows -that the construction complained of will be a serious loss to them in that it shuts off a view of their show windows by those who use the sidewalk. This showing is sufficient to entitle them to relief because it is an interference with the equitable easement to which they are entitled.
Again it was shown that these display cases were put up by permission of the property owners with the understanding that they were to be removed at any time there was a protest. They were temporary affairs, screwed to the wall by little brackets and were easily removed. Again the original agreement permitted the use of the strip for these purposes. We think there should have been a decree of injunction as prayed which would protect the Johnson-Miller Company during the term of their lease — not for all time for their lease expires in the year 1916, and this action is not for the owner of the fee. If he or they be content with the arrangement, well and good; but they can not after having leased the property deprive the lessor of the uses and benefits thereof. Whether or not the Weitz heirs will ever be entitled to an injunction, we "need not now determine. The only decree which should be entered here is one which will protect the tenants in the full enjoyment’ of the property during the term of their lease. That this is the proper relief in such cases, see Simper v. Foley, 2 Johns & H. 555.
The decree must and it is reversed, and the cause remanded for om in harmony with this opinion. — Reversed and remanded.