ORDER
In this expedited matter, the question presented is this one: Is Georgia’s Second Congressional District unconstitutional on the ground that it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution? The answer is ‘Tes.”
After a trial on the merits and in the light of
Miller v. Johnson,
— U.S. -,
Findings of Fact
The facts stipulated to by all of the parties are accepted and found by the court. The court also stands by the findings of fact in its earlier decision on Georgia’s Eleventh District,
Johnson v. Miller,
The first congressional redistricting plan submitted by Georgia to the United States Attorney General for preclearanee in October 1991 contained a Second Congressional District, located in southwestern Georgia, in which blacks comрrised 35.37% of the voting age population (“VAP”). The Department of Justice (“DOJ”) refused preclearanee of this plan. A new plan was enacted and submitted for preclearance in which the black VAP in the Second Congressional District was 45.01%. The DOJ аgain refused preclearance, relying on alternative plans proposing three majority-minority districts.
The critical element to making the Second Congressional District a majority-minority district was the “Maeon/Savannah trade” which transferred blаck voters from Macon— located in the Eleventh Congressional District in the first two state plans submitted to the DOJ — to the Second Congressional District and then extending the Eleventh District into Savannah. This move converted the Second Congressional District into а majority-minority district and kept the Eleventh Congressional District a majority-minority district by offsetting the loss of black voters in Macon with the addition of black voters in Savannah. This third plan was preeleared by the DOJ. As enacted, the Second Congressional District hаd a 52.33% black VAP.
Twelve of the Second Congressional District’s thirty-five counties are split, and to draw the Second Congressional District as it is now also required the splitting of twenty-eight precincts. 3 In addition, the boundary of the Second District splits the cities of Columbus, Mаcon, Albany, Manchester, Roberta, Byron, Centerville, Warner Robins, Ft. Valley, Perry, Cordele, Leesburg, Moul-trie, and Valdosta. Before 1992, the Second District included no portions of the City of Columbus or portions of the City of Macon. Before 1992, the Second Congressional District contained no split counties.
We find that the sole reason for splitting precincts was racial and that the predominant reason for splitting the counties and cities was racial as well.
Georgia’s Second District makes use оf narrow land bridges to connect parts of the district and involves a number of irregular appendages. These features affect the district’s compactness adversely and, in some instances, make parts of the district only barely contiguous. We find that the predominant reason for these irregular lines is race; most can be explained on no other basis.
Linda Meggers, Director of Reapportionment Services for the Georgia General Assembly, was qualified as an expert witness. She testified that it was not feasible to create a majority-minority district in the Second Congressional District without including the black population centers in Columbus and *1555 Muscogee County, Albany and Dougherty County, and Macon and Bibb- County. She further testified that, in drawing the Second Congressional District, she — we find her to have been the chief draftsperson for the district — followed the “Max-Black Plan,” as espoused by the ACLU, to the same degree to which she followed it in drawing the Eleventh Congressional District. The Max-Black Plan’s purpose was to maximize black voting strength in certain congressional districts by making the racial composition of those districts the overriding consideration in their design. She also said that, in terms of socioeconomic interests included in the district, the Seсond District is one of the most diverse, in Georgia. We credit Ms. Meggers’ testimony.
A comparison of maps depicting the Second District’s twelve split counties with maps showing the concentration of black residents in the same counties proves that the drawing of Georgia’s Second Congressional District was motivated predominately by racial considerations. 4 Put differently, the line was drawn to put black voters in the Second District and to keep white voters out.
Dr. Timothy O’Rourke, Professor of Citizenship Educаtion at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, was qualified as an expert witness. Dr. O’Rourke testified that he had been asked to examine the boundaries of the Second Congressional District in the light of the standard announced by the Supreme Court in Miller v. Johnson and to form an opinion аbout whether the Georgia Legislature had, in fact, subordinated its traditional redistricting principles to race for the Second District. He further testified that he had taken into account such matters as the one-person/one-vote standard, resрect for political subdivision boundaries, compactness, contiguity, the extent to which the district includes metropolitan areas, the extent to which the district includes media markets, and socio-economic communities of interest in the regiоn. By following a process of elimination which he explained, Dr. O’Rourke concluded that the predominant motivating factor for the configuration of the Second District was race. We credit Dr. O’Rourke’s testimony.
We find that Georgia did discriminate against its black citizens in voting matters in the past.
We find no evidence that Georgia’s General Assembly at the time the Second Congressional District was drawn was, in reality, seeking to eliminate the effects of past racial discrimination on black voting patterns in southwest Georgia.
We find that the General Assembly’s intent at the time the Second Congressional District was drawn was to comply with the Justice Department’s interpretation of the Voting Rights Act and the Department’s preclearance demands.
Conclusions of Law
In defensе, the State defendants (“State”) stress only that the Second District differs from the unconstitutional Eleventh Congressional District because (1) the Second District has always existed in the southwestern comer of the State, (2) there is a greater community of interest in the Second District, and (3) the Second District, compared to the Eleventh District, has a lower percentage of black voters. While it is true that the Second District does differ in some respects from the Eleventh, the differences are not significant enough to make the Second District constitutional.
Nothing in the State’s argument changes the fact that the General Assembly was predominantly motivated by race in its drawing *1556 of the Second Congressional District. The sections of the district’s boundary that were drawn for racial reasons are substantial in terms of both distance and population affected. The voters within the Second District may possibly have a greater community of interest than those in the Eleventh District, but it is clear the General Assembly did not draw many оf the lines of the Second District because of that community of interest. Looking at the split counties and precincts, white voters left out of the district because they were white shared the same interests (for example, agriculture or military emрloyment) as black voters who were included because they were black. That fewer black voters were purposely placed into the Second District than into the Eleventh does not change the fact that the General Assembly intentionаlly placed black voters into the Second and kept white voters out of the Second solely because of their race.
Because race was the overriding and predominant motivating factor in designing the Second Congressional District, the district can be upheld only if it survives strict scrutiny.
Miller,
— U.S. at -,
The State fails to meet its burden under the strict scrutiny analysis. The State never argued that the Second District was required by the Voting Rights Act.
5
We accept that eradicating the effects of past racial discrimination can be a significant state interest.
See Shaw v. Reno,
We conclude and declare that Georgia’s Second Congressional District is unconstitutional in its current composition. Defendants are hereby barred from using it in future Congressional elections.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
FOR THE THREE-JUDGE COURT:
/s/ J.L. EDMONDSON
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE
Notes
. Sоme of the parties contended that no trial was necessary. The Department of Justice contended that, as a matter of law, the Second District was unconstitutional considering this court’s earlier judgment and the Supreme Court’s affirmance оf that judgment. Plaintiffs contended that the pretrial record in this case entitled them to summary judgment as a matter of law. Out of an abundance of caution and given the need to move forward as conveniently and speedily as the court could, a trial was held; and the legal issues raised by the Department of Justice and *1554 the Plaintiffs on the question of whether a trial was needed were bypassed.
. The record of the trial on the Eleventh District was made part of the record for the trial on the Seсond. At the trial of the Second District, many witnesses testified either in person or by deposition; and many documents were introduced. All the evidence has been considered, although not all of it will be specifically mentioned in this opinion.
. By the way, one bad side effect of the splitting of emits as small as precincts for racial purposes occurs when the precinct is divided in one way for a state house seat, another way for a state senate seat, and yet a different way for a congressional seat. When this kind of gerrymandering is repeated often enough, the voting combinations that appear on some ballots are so rare — at the intersection of the state house, state senate, and congressional distriсt lines within a precinct — that a secret ballot becomes difficult for some voters. Given the small number of ballots showing the specific combination of candidates, the persons later counting the few ballots of that kind actually cast might well know whiсh ballot a particular voter cast.
. The portions of Bibb County placed in the Second District reflect the heavy concentration of black residents in that portion of Bibb County. Pltf.Exh. 1, 13 (Joint Exh. 2, Pltf.Exh. 32). The portions of Colquitt County placed in the Second District rеflect the heavy concentration of black residents in that portion of Colquitt County. Pltf. Exh. 2, 14 (Joint Exh. 9, Pltf.Exh. 38). The portions of Crisp County placed in the Second District reflect the heavy concentration of black residents in that portion of Crisp County. Pltf. Exh. 3, 15 (Joint Exh. 8, Pltf.Exh. 37). The sаme can be said for the remaining nine counties that are split in the Second Congressional District. Pltf.Exh. 4-12, 16-23 (Joint Exh. 3-7 and 10-13, Pltf.Exh. 33-36 and 39-42).
To alleviate confusion, we cite to both sets of exhibits — those submitted as part of Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and those used at trial.
. The Suprеme Court has said that the Second District — the third and last majority-minority district to be created for Georgia — was not required for Section 5 preclearance and that compliance with a mistaken reading of the Voting Rights Act cannot justify race-based districting.
Miller,
— U.S. at --,