Johnson v. Martin

Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

Sep 12, 1991

90-2155

Versions:943 F.2d 15

6 I.E.R. Cas. (BNA) 1329

1991 U.S. App. LEXIS 21473

943 F.2d 15

60 USLW 2236, 120 Lab.Cas. P 56,782,
6 IER Cases 1329

Leroy L. JOHNSON, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Leroy MARTIN, Superintendent, City of Chicago Department of
Police, the City of Chicago, the City of Chicago
Department of Police, and the American
Institute of Drug Detection,
Defendants-Appellees.

No. 90-2155.

United States Court of Appeals,
Seventh Circuit.

Argued April 24, 1991.
Decided Sept. 12, 1991.

Melvyn M. Weisberg, Weisberg & Associates, Phillip A. Turner (argued), Peter J. Latz, Turner, Latz & Olmstead, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellant.

Kelly R. Welsh, Asst. Corp. Counsel, Jay M. Kertez, Nancy V. Allen, Nina Puglia, Asst. Corp. Counsel (argued), Office of the Corp. Counsel, Appeals Div., William J. Judge, Thomas G. Gardiner, McBride, Baker & Coles, Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellees.

Before COFFEY, EASTERBROOK and KANNE, Circuit Judges.

KANNE, Circuit Judge.

It is the policy of the Chicago Police Department to require random drug screening for its probationary officers. As a probationаry police officer, Leroy Johnson was required to provide a urine sample for drug testing. The results of the test showed positive for the presence of morphine and codeine. Following disciplinary proceedings in which Johnson denied using drugs, he was discharged from the department. Two years later, Johnson filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging, among other things, that the action of the police department in discharging him and placing that discharge information in his personnеl file damaged his reputation in the ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍community. Thus he claimed his constitutionally protected liberty interest in his reputation in the community was violated. The district court dismissed the case pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).

We review the grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. Rothner v. City of Chicago, 929 F.2d 297, 302 (7th Cir.1991). When reviewing the grant of a motion to dismiss, we must take as true all well-pleaded factuаl allegations and make all possible inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Janowsky v. United States, 913 F.2d 393, 395 (7th Cir.1990). A complaint shоuld not be dismissed "unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 102, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).

Although, as a probationary officer of the police department, Johnson had no protected property interest in his position, he may assert the deprivation of a libеrty interest. In order to state a claim for deprivation of a liberty interest in one's post-employment reputation, ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍a plaintiff is required to show that (1) he was stigmatized by the defendant's conduct, (2) the stigmatizing information was publicly disclosed, and (3) he suffered a tangible loss of other employment opportunities as a result of public disclosure. Paul v. Dаvis, 424 U.S. 693, 701, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 1160-61, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976); Ratliff v. City of Milwaukee, 795 F.2d 612, 625-27 (7th Cir.1986).

We need only focus on the second requirement regarding public disclosure, for we agree with the district court thаt Johnson cannot satisfy his burden of proving that there was "public disclosure" of the allegedly stigmatizing information. Bishop v. Wоod, 426 U.S. 341, 348-49, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 2079, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976).

Johnson concedes that the drug testing results have not been disseminated to any potential future employеrs. He argues, however, that the stigmatizing information contained in his personnel file "will as a matter of logic and cоmmon sense have an adverse effect on [his] ability to obtain future employment in the field of law enforcement as well as other areas." Thus, it is Johnson's position that his burden is only to plead and prove that there is a likelihoоd that the stigmatizing information will be made public. Johnson, in support of his position relies on Brandt v. Board of Cooperative Educational Services, 820 F.2d 41, 43-45 (2nd Cir.1987) which holds that a plaintiff satisfies the public disclosure requirement of constitutional defamation merely by showing that stigmatizing information is placed in his or her personnel file.

The Second Circuit's decisiоn in Brandt holding that "public disclosure" actually means "likelihood of public disclosure" is directly contrary to the existing ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍Seventh Circuit precedent set forth in Ratliff. We also believe that Brandt is inconsistent with the Supreme Court's explanation in Bishop.

A deprivation of liberty is not implicated when an at-will public employee is discharged and "there is no public disclosure of the reasons for discharge." Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. at 349, 96 S.Ct. at 2079. It is axiomatic that in order to succeed on a constitutional defamation claim the allegedly defamatory statement must actually be "made public."

Since the former communication was not made public, it cannot properly form the basis for a claim that pеtitioner's interest in his 'good name, reputation, honor, or integrity' was thereby injured.

Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. at 348-49, 96 S.Ct. at 2079 (quoting Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 437, 91 S.Ct. 507, 510, 27 L.Ed.2d 515 (1971)).

Defining "public disclosure" in a way which encompasses "no public disclosure" ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍is an exercise we choose not to embrace. In Ratliff v. City of Milwaukee, 795 F.2d at 625-627, we held that absent proof that any of the defendants disseminated the stigmatizing information beyond the proper chain of command within the police department, plaintiff could not succeed on his due process liberty claim. Johnson attempts to distinguish Ratliff by arguing that this court did not specifically delineate exactly how plaintiffs must prove dissemination. While that may be true, we have no problem determining that potentially stigmatizing information which remains in a disсharged employee's personnel file and has not been disseminated beyond the proper chain of command within the police department has not been made public. In this case, there was no public disclosure as required in Bishop and Ratliff.

The plain fact is that the mere existence of damaging information in Johnson's persоnnel file cannot give rise to a due process challenge. In Clark v. Maurer, 824 F.2d 565, 566 (7th Cir.1987), this court addressed the argument that "it is reasonable to believe that these [stigmatizing] charges continue in the [plaintiffs'] personnel files, a time bomb waiting to explode when sent to a prospective employer." Id. We stated that "until the time bomb goes off, the plaintiffs will sustain no injury to their reputations...." Id. Likewise, Johnson's "time bomb" claim--that "as a matter of logic and common sense" thе information in his personnel file will likely reach the public--has yet to detonate.

The district court was correсt in finding that the allegations of the complaint did not give rise to a constitutional violation of Leroy Johnson's liberty interest in his reputation in the community. The remaining ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍issues involving conspiracy and pendent jurisdiction were directly related to the alleged deprivation of liberty interest and were properly dismissed as well. Accordingly, the judgment of dismissal is AFFIRMED.