In this appeal, plaintiff-appellant John Real, proceeding pro se, сontests the entry of judgment in favor of the appellees, defendants below, pursuant to a jury verdict. He asserts that his trial was fatally flawed in a variety of ways. After carefully considering his arguments and scrutinizing the available record, however, we find no merit in any of his contentions. Instead, it appears that Real, who was represented by able counsel in the district court, received a fair and impartial trial. Under these circumstances, we reject the appeal and affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND.
In 1980, John Real, then incarcerated at the Massachusetts Correctional Institute at Walpole (MCI-Walpole), was a prime suspect in the stabbing death of another prisoner. As suсh, he was subjected, shortly after the killing, to a test, the object of which was to detect traces of the victim’s blood on his hands. This test was performed by defendants John Nasuti (a state trooper) and Robert Sullivan, (a chemist from the Commonwealth’s crime laboratory), aided by an assistant district attorney, Ruth McNiff. The laboratory was within the domain of dеfendant Dennis Condon, the Commissioner of Public Safety. 1 The test consisted of rubbing Real’s hands and fingernails with filter paper and, after this perfrication was completed, applying certain chemicals (benzidine and sodium perborate) to the filter paper. If blood particles were present to any degree, they would emergе when the filter paper was doused and an intense blue color reaction would immediately suffuse the paper. In Real’s case, the test results were positive.
In a civil suit subsequently filed in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Real alleged that benzidine was applied not to the filter paper, but directly to his skin. In so doing, thе defendants were said to have exposed him to an increased risk of contracting cancer of the bladder (benzidine being a human carcinogen), thus violating his constitutional rights. All of the state actors denied these allegations. The record leaves no doubt but that Real was vigorously represented throughout trial, and before. The jury found that, contrary to the appellant’s story, benzidine was not applied directly to his skin. All of the defendants were exonerated. A motion for new trial was filed on Real’s behalf by his attorney, but was denied. Real then commenced this proceeding without benefit of counsel.
We note that plaintiff has prosecuted this appeal without procuring a trial transcript. We must, therefore, examine the existing record. If it proves inconclusive, it is the appellant who must bear the brunt of an insufficient record on appeal.
See
*61
Valedon Martinez v. Hospital Presbiteriano de la Comunidad, Inc.,
II. THE ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR.
The appellant has advanced a salmagundi of points, most of which arе so transparently invalid that we need not dwell upon them. We address below a representative sampling of his main arguments.
A. New Trial.
Real protests, first and foremost, the district court’s refusal to grant him a retrial. It is well settled that the district court should order a new trial only when convinced that the clear weight of the evidence so requires or that а miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.
Coffran v. Hitchcock Clinic, Inc.,
B. Mistrial Motion.
The appellant claims that the district court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial before any evidence wаs taken. In the opening statement, defendants’ counsel referred to the fact that Real was a suspect in the stabbing death of a fellow inmate, and that after the stabbing, Real went back to his cell to wash blood from his hands. Real’s attorney moved unsuccessfully for a mistrial. In the appellant’s view, this statement was so prejudicial that thе jury could not thereafter fairly pass upon his case. In a related vein, he also contends that the remarks violated the district judge’s ruling granting Real’s motion in limine to bar references to his past crimes and misconduct unrelated to the benzidine test. 2
A motion for mistrial is directed primarily to the sound discretion of the trial court and its ruling thereon will not be disturbed unless that discretion has been misused.
United States v. Chamorro,
In the second place, it does not seem unreasonable for the district judge to have allowed defense counsel to describe the context in which the benzidine test was administered, even though that context involved a murder of which Real was suspected. Real does not contest that what counsel said was accurate, and comported with the evidence subsequently proffered. In kindred settings, details of illegal acts, including murder, have been allowed, in the district court’s discretion, to show the chain of events forming the context.
E.g., United States v. Moreno Morales,
Moreover, the jury was treated to far more information on the point than was contained in the opening statement — and the incremental data was considerably more detailed. For instanсe, the appellant admits that while cross-examining McNiff, his own lawyer elicited specifics about Real’s role in the homicide which were, on any reasoned view, much more damaging. We can discern no hint of reversible error in the district court’s handling of the mistrial motion.
C. Jury Selection.
Real asserts that the jury selection process was deficient in twо material respects. He argues that the district court erred in refusing to ask twenty-one voir dire questions which his lawyer proposed in an effort to discover prejudice or bias on the part of prospective jurors. Yet the district court has broad discretion as to the manner in which it conducts the voir dire and the inquiries it chooses to make, subject only to the essential demands of fairness.
United States v. Desmarais,
In the instant case, the appellant has provided us with no rational basis for finding that the voir dire conducted by the district court was inadequate or materially incomplete. There is nothing to suggest that, to the extent Real's proposed questions were suitable, the court did not covеr substantially the same ground. Contrary to the appellant’s hypothesis, the mere fact that the court elected to bypass the specific questions formulated by Real’s counsel does not translate, ipso facto, into an abuse of discretion. In the absence of any meaningful indication that the district court was lax in carrying out its obligation to screen the venire for prejudice or bias, or that the jury was in fact slanted from the start, this argument must fail.
The appellant also contends that the jury’s composition (five women and the foreman) came about because the defense used its peremptory challenges systematically to exclude males from the jury. The appellant provides no evidence that this claim was preserved by a contemporaneous objection at trial. Failure to do so is, in itself, fatal to the argument.
United States v. Griffin,
D. Physical Examination.
Real argues that he was severely hampered in presenting his case because the district court refused to postpone the trial to enable him to undergo a physical examination. He says that the exam would have been a vital step in determining whether he had developed cancer as a result of his alleged bоut with benzidine. The record shows, however, that it was the defendants who originally sought such an examination under Fed.R.Civ.P. 35, and that Real opposed their motion. The court, nevertheless, granted it. Thereafter, several appointments were made for the examination, but Real neglected to keep any of them. The defendants, weary оf spinning their wheels, then dropped their demand. A peremptory trial date was assigned well in advance. It was only a matter of weeks beforehand that the plaintiff decided an exam might be in his best interest, and moved to reinstate the Rule 35 order. His motion was granted, but no doctor’s appointment was kept, 3 and the planned trial date аrrived on schedule. The judge refused to vacate it.
The Federal Rules must be construed to secure not only the “just” but the “speedy” determination of every action. Fed.R.Civ.P. 1. A litigant who desires to avail himself of the benefices of the rules has an obligation to employ reasonable diligence in doing so. Real, of course, held the key to permitting an examination to take place. He had virtually limitless opportunities to accomplish this end. From what is before us, neither defense counsel nor the district court can be faulted in regard to the plaintiff’s failure to keep the appointments which had previously been arranged. It comes with peculiarly poоr grace for a party repeatedly to thwart the conduct of a physical examination, and then to complain that it was not performed.
Cf. United States v. Coady,
Motions for continuance are addressed to the informed discretion of the district court.
United States v. Waldman,
In endeavoring to manage crowded calendars in busy jurisdictions, trial judges must balance an array of considerations— *64 sometimes, competing considerations. We will not second guess the conduct of such efforts without solid reason. Here, all of the indicators point in favor of deference to the court below. We hold that it was well within the district judge’s discretion to spurn the appellant’s eleventh-hour turnabout, and decline to delay a long-awaited trial to accommodate his change of heart. 4
E. The Simulation.
The appellant also alleges that the court erred in allowing the defendants to demonstrate the benzidine test originally performed on him, replacing the benzidine — which was no longеr commercially available — with a chemical of the same class, group, and family.
5
Such a simulation, however, might well have been helpful to the jury’s understanding of the case. Trial judges have wide discretion in deciding whether an adequate foundation has been laid for the admission of evidence.
See Onujiogu v. United States,
In this instance, the experiment was easy to control, the variable easy to define, the risk of confusion correspondingly slight. The appellant has failed to show that the foundation laid by the defense through the examination of an expert witness was inadequate for the proper admission of the modified chemical test into evidence, or that the jury was somehow misled. To be sure, the simulation may have prejudiced the jury in favor of the defendants’ version of the critical event and against thе plaintiff’s; that was, after all, why the defense wanted to conduct it. The law protects not against prejudice, but against
unfair
prejudice.
Onujiogu v. United States,
III. CONCLUSION.
We need go no further. The appellant’s remaining contentions, like those which we have discussed, are unavailing. Real has not brought to our attention any circumstances which would warrant a new trial. We conсlude that the district court did not commit reversible error in its rulings at or during the trial, or in denying the appellant’s posttrial Rule 59 motion. Real’s case was fairly heard. His complaint, at bottom, is merely that he lost.
Affirmed.
Notes
. Other defendants in the case included William T. Hogan, the former Commissioner of Corrections; Fred Butterworth, Superintendent of MCI-Walpole; Thomаs DaSilva, supervisor of the prison’s departmental segregation unit; and "John Doe” (said to be a correctional officer at MCI-Walpole).
. It is difficult to tell from the papers available to us the scope of the order in limine. The defendants assure us that, in granting in limine relief, "the court specifically allowed reference to the homicide ... at MCI Walpolе.” Appellees’ Brief at 11. The plaintiff has not contradicted this description of the ruling.
. The reasons why the examination did not transpire after reinstatement of the Rule 35 order must, absent a more complete record, remain obscure (although there is some indication that time simply did not permit arranging an appointment, coоrdinating the schedules of all concerned, and obtaining a meaningful report in advance of trial). In any event, the precise reason would likely not be dispositive. Had he timely so requested, Real could have seen a physician during the four years which intervened between the filing of suit and the start of trial. He chose not to do so. Cоnversely, the defendants had attempted in good faith to have him examined. If the plaintiff had not obstructed that endeavor, there would have been no need for last-minute heroics. On any view of the matter, it was unreasonable for Real to expect the court to wait upon his late-blooming decision.
. Because we find the ruling to hаve been a proper exercise of the district court’s discretion, we need not reach the alternative argument that, if error occurred, it was harmless. In the defense’s view, the probative value of evidence of cancer went primarily to damages — an issue which the jury, as matters turned out, had no need to consider.
. The substitute produced a benzidine-like reaction to the presence of blood.