While a pre-trial detainee, John H. Gordon filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Jack Watson, III, a Florida assistant state attorney, and George Cansler, the Director of the Volusia County Jail Department of Corrections. Gordon’s complaint and amended complaint alleged that he was subjected to punitive confinement after complaining to a judge that Watson and Cansler had denied him telephone privileges. The district court granted summary judgment for the defendants, ruling that “there is no issue of fact as to punitive confinement” and that the denial of Gordon’s access to the telephone did not violate his constitutional rights. Because we find that the proffered materials are insufficient to support the grant of summary judgment, we vacate and remand.
Gordon had been in custody at the Volusia County Jail since February 1978, when he failed to post bond on an arrest for possession of a controlled substance. On March 4 or 5, according to Gordon’s allegations, Gordon was denied visitors and perhaps telephone privileges. 1 On April 5, 1978, the Volusia County grand jury returned a four-count indictment against Gordon for first degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony. On April 6, Gordon was brought before a judge to be formally arrested on the above charges. At that hearing, he complained to the judge that Cansler, under the direction of Watson, had denied him telephone privileges.
When Gordon returned to the Volusia County Jail that day, Cansler, at Watson’s request, moved Gordon to the Volusia County Annex facility and limited Gordon’s access to the telephone, allowing him to call only his attorney. The next day (April 7), Cansler, again at Watson’s direction, moved Gordon from the annex back to the main facility of the Volusia County Jail, where he once again had access to the telephone.
On April 13 Gordon filed this complaint. Pursuant to court order, he amended his
After he had filed the amended complaint, Gordon moved for an order seeking his release from maximum security. The defendants filed a response to the motion, verified by Edward Froman, a Lieutenant in the Volusia County Jail and acting Chief Correctional Officer, which stated that Gordon was being held in one-man cells “due to the seriousness of the convictions and the pending charges.” Before the court ruled on the motion, Watson and Cansler moved for summary judgment, attaching affidavits of Watson and Froman. Watson’s affidavit stated that he had restricted Gordon’s telephone privileges because he was afraid that Gordon would call certain persons in possession of, or with access to, instrumentalities of the first-degree murder charge, which they might then destroy or conceal. On April 6, the affidavit continued, Watson believed he would be able to get an immediate court order restricting Gordon’s phone calls to his attorney. The next day, after researching the issue, Watson determined that such an order was unlikely and he ordered that Gordon be moved back into the county jail facilities, with telephone privileges restored. Froman’s affidavit purported to incorporate his earlier verified response to Gordon’s motion, in which he had stated that Gordon was incarcerated in one-man cells due to the seriousness of his crimes. It also recited the frequency of the telephone calls Gordon was allowed to make.
The court did not rule on the summary judgment motion but ordered the defendants to file an answer to Gordon’s amended complaint. In their answers, defendants renewed their motions for summary judgment, attaching Cansler’s affidavit stating that the entire jail is a maximum security institution, enumerating the cells in which Gordon was housed during his incarceration there, and averring that no cell in the institution is known as “the hole.”
Gordon filed no responsive affidavits. Instead, he filed an unsworn, unverified document styled “Answer to defendants Motion for Summary Judgment and Answer to Amended Civil Rights Complaint.” He asserted that Watson never sought to obtain the order restricting Gordon’s phone calls and as a skilled prosecutor knew that he had no grounds to obtain one. He also stated that Watson’s conjecture that Gordon’s friends would destroy or conceal evidence was totally without merit because Gordon’s house had already been searched. The answer further contended that the defendants had not shown that Gordon was the only one in jail charged with so serious a crime or that he had broken any rule of the facility. In particular, he objected to being placed in one-man cells, in which he was confined from March until August 1978.
In granting the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, the district court relied on the affidavits of Watson and Cansler to conclude that there was no issue of fact as to punitive confinement. The court further found that the curtailment of Gordon’s access to the telephone for two days was not a constitutional violation because “plaintiff was then represented by counsel, the restriction was for a short period of time, and the plaintiff had ample access to the telephone prior to and subsequent to the brief period of restricted access.” In view of the further fact that Gordon was never denied telephone access to his counsel we agree
The punitive confinement issue has two parts: Gordon’s transfer to the annex on April 6 and 7, and his confinement in one-man cells from April 7 to August 18. Watson’s affidavit responded to Gordon’s allegation that the transfer was for punitive reasons by demonstrating the legitimate administrative reasons for the transfer. Froman’s affidavit, on the other hand, establishes that the defendants had legitimate, non-punitive reasons for confining Gordon in one-man cells rather than populated cells only to the extent that it incorporates his earlier verified response. Under the provisions of Rule 56, however, “[s]worn or certified copies of all papers or parts thereof referred to in an affidavit shall be attached thereto or served therewith.” No such copy was attached to Froman’s affidavit, so the materials that may permissibly have been considered on summary judgment did not resolve the issue of the motive for Gordon’s confinement in one-man cells. In certain circumstances a verified pleading may itself be treated as an affidavit in support of a motion for summary judgment, but only if it satisfies the standards for affidavits set out in Rule 56(e).
Fowler v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co.,
On the other side of this issue, we note that Gordon’s “Answer to defendants Motion for Summary Judgment” also fails to comply with Rule 56. It is an unsworn statement, which the court may not consider in determining the propriety of summary judgment.
Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co.,
Summary judgment is an excellent device by which district courts may make expedited dispositions of those cases in which a trial would be fruitless. When summary judgment is inappropriate because the supporting or opposing materials are improper, the district court has ample discretion to call upon the parties to remedy the defects, by submitting supplemental affidavits or otherwise.
See Jones v. Menard,
Because the entry of summary judgment was improper, we vacate that judgment and remand the action to the district court. Of course, we intimate no opinion on the mer
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Notes
. Gordon’s original complaint alleged that he was denied visitors March 4, 1978. March 4 was a Saturday; regulations permitted visitors in the Volusia County Jail on Sundays only. In his “Answer to defendants Motion for Summary Judgment and answer to amended Civil Rights Complaint,” however, Gordon suggested that the decision was taken on March 4 to deny him visitors on March 5, the regular visiting day.
. Gordon’s pleading was notarized. The notarization clearly refers not to the “Answer” itself but to the proof of service.