John H. BAILEY, Appellant, v. Walter REDMAN, Warden, Delaware Correctional Center, and Richard R. Wier, Attorney General of the State of Delaware, Appellees.
No. 81-1156.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Argued April 24, 1981. Decided Aug. 6, 1981.
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The alleged confusion at the EPA is also irrelevant. It is not the agency to whom a complaint is to be addressed, and in any event, when Hanna first contacted it in April, the thirty-day period with respect to all but the ban on access claim had already elapsed. The tolling argument based upon the agency‘s actions is therefore limited to this one claim. In our view, that argument must be that the limitation period should be tolled because the EPA did not reply to Hanna‘s inquiries more promptly and more accurately. We disagree. When all the chaff is stripped away, the naked reason for the delay was Hanna‘s lack of knowledge about the remedy. The statutory language is plain and direct and leaves no basis for reliance upon the EPA in any respect. Cf. Chappell v. Emco Machine Works Co., 601 F.2d 1295, 1304-06 (5th Cir. 1979) (Wisdom, J., dissenting) (agency prevented Title VII claimant from filing in timely fashion). Hanna‘s ignorance of the law is not enough to invoke equitable tolling. Quina v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 575 F.2d 1115, 1118 (5th Cir. 1978).
Congress granted a right of action to victims of reprisals for invoking the provisions of this Act. The benefits to the claimant, however, were balanced by the limited time within which the defendant would be exposed to liability. It is not unfair to recognize both benefit and detriment to guarantee “evenhanded administration of the law.”
We reject the School District‘s contention that the thirty-day limitations period is jurisdictional. However, because we conclude that there was no adequate basis for disregarding the time limit set out in the statute‘s clear language, the Secretary acted in excess of statutory limitations.
John A. Parkins, Jr., Deputy Atty. Gen., Wilmington, Del. (argued), for appellees.
Before HUNTER and SLOVITER, Circuit Judges, and MEANOR,* District Judge.
OPINION OF THE COURT
PER CURIAM:
In December, 1975, the appellant, John H. Bailey, was tried and convicted in a Delaware Superior Court for manslaughter. During his trial, the trial judge instructed the appellant not to discuss his testimony with anybody before the trial resumed the next day. Bailey now challenges that instruction as a denial of his sixth amendment right to counsel. Because we find that the appellant failed to demonstrate that he was deprived of his right to consult with counsel, we will affirm the district court‘s judgment and deny Bailey‘s petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
The facts of this case were set forth accurately and succinctly by the district court in its opinion, Bailey v. Redman, 502 F.Supp. 313 (D.Del.1980):
John H. Bailey ... was indicted by the Grand Jury of New Castle County for the crimes of murder in the first degree and possession of a deadly weapon during the commission of a felony. On December 9, 1975, during the third week of his four week trial, petitioner took the stand in his own defense. His direct examination commenced at 10:00 A.M. and continued until the luncheon recess. The trial resumed at 2:00 P.M. and petitioner‘s direct testimony lasted until mid-afternoon. Cross-examination was not completed by the end of the day and the Court, before recessing, issued the following order to the petitioner:
The Court: ... Mr. Bailey, during the evening recess, I caution you and instruct you that you are not to discuss your testimony with anybody until you have completed your testimony in this case. Do you understand?
The Witness: (Witness nodded affirmatively)
This instruction was neither questioned nor objected to by Bailey‘s counsel. The Court then recessed from 5:15 P.M. on December 9, 1975 to 10:00 A.M. on the following day, a total of seventeen hours. Petitioner, who was in custody during the trial period, was returned to the Delaware Correctional Center in Smyrna, Delaware for the night. During this seventeen hour recess, the petitioner did not consult with counsel.
The state‘s cross-examination continued on December 10, 1975. During the morning session petitioner‘s counsel interposed objections to the scope and repetitive character of the state‘s cross-examination, but neither questioned the propriety of the previous afternoon‘s instructions nor asked for permission to consult with his client. Cross-examination was completed later that morning.
Defendant was sentenced on February 5, 1976 to imprisonment for thirty years for the manslaughter and ten years for the felony-weapon offense, with the sentences to run consecutively.
Bailey appealed his conviction through the state courts.1 He did not raise the issue that is now before us, however, until he sought post-conviction relief before the trial court.2 The trial court denied appellant‘s application for post-conviction relief and the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed that decision on July 17, 1980. Bailey v. State, 422 A.2d 956 (Del.Supr.1980).
Following his state appeals, appellant petitioned the District Court of Delaware for a writ of habeas corpus.
The district court denied appellant‘s petition. It held that while the trial court‘s instruction may have been improper, appellant failed to show that it had actually interfered with his right to consult with counsel.3 Without a showing that appellant had wanted to meet with counsel but was hampered from doing so by the trial court‘s order, the district court refused to hold that appellant‘s sixth amendment rights had been violated.
We will affirm the district court‘s judgment. While we acknowledge that the Supreme Court held in Geders that a defendant may not be prohibited from consulting with his attorney during an overnight recess, and this court held in Venuto that a defendant need not demonstrate the exact prejudice produced by such an injunction, our holding in the instant case is not inconsistent with these decisions. In both Geders and Venuto there was an indication that absent the court‘s instruction, the de-
Our holding in the instant case is based not on appellant‘s failure to prove the exact “prejudice” caused by his inability to meet with counsel; rather, it is based on his failure to demonstrate that he was actually “deprived” of his right to consult with his attorney. We concur with the district court that
[while it] is one thing to say that a defendant who has been deprived of the guiding hand of counsel need not demonstrate the prejudicial effect of that deprivation; it is quite another to say that he need not show that the challenged order deprived him of counsel he would otherwise have received.
Bailey, 502 F.Supp. at 316. “Prejudice” is the effect that restricting communication may have on a defendant‘s trial; that is, how, if at all, the defendant‘s trial strategy was affected by the deprivation of his right to consult with counsel. We do not require a defendant to demonstrate the “prejudice” to his case because we do not want to infringe on the confidentiality of attorney-client communications. See Venuto, 182 F.2d at 522. However, a defendant need not disclose confidential information in order to prove that he has been “deprived” of an opportunity to meet with counsel. To show a “deprivation” of his sixth amendment rights, a defendant must merely demonstrate that he wanted to meet with counsel, but was prevented from doing so by the court‘s instruction.6
The distinction between the “deprivation” of a right and the “prejudice” that may result therefrom is not a new one. In Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 64 L.Ed.2d 333 (1980), the Supreme Court held that the mere possibility that a defendant‘s attorney may have a conflict of interest is insufficient to demonstrate a deprivation of the defendant‘s sixth amendment rights. Only an actual conflict of interest would establish such a violation. The Court carefully noted that its requirement that a defendant show an actual conflict does not constitute a requirement that the defendant demonstrate prejudice. Id. at 349-50. A showing that one has been “deprived” of his right to effective counsel is a predicate to relief; a showing of “prejudice” is not.7
Accordingly, while the trial court‘s in-
MEANOR, District Judge, concurring:
I join all but paragraphs seven and eight of the per curiam opinion. I believe that they are superfluous and that there is no need to discuss, much less reject, the issue of prejudice in connection with an instruction that violates Geders. See United States v. DiLapi, 651 F.2d 140 (2d Cir. 1981). In this case it is clear that the instruction did not deprive appellant of a right he sought to exercise. There was no objection to the instruction and there is no showing that, during the overnight recess, appellant desired to consult with counsel or counsel desired to consult with him.
I also add that in this case we do not reach the question whether Geders is to be applied in post-conviction proceedings to instructions during trials that preceded that decision. The Fourth Circuit has held that Geders is not to be so applied. United States v. Horger, 547 F.2d 1204 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 840 (1977). In this Circuit any issues concerning the retroactive application of Geders will have to await resolution on another day.
MEANOR
District Judge