John GAMBLE v. POPE & TALBOT, INC. v. JARKA CORP. OF PHILADELPHIA. Appeal of Timothy J. MAHONEY et al.
No. 13578.
United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit.
Decided July 20, 1962.
Certiorari Denied Nov. 5, 1962.
307 F.2d 729 | 83 S.Ct. 187
MCLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge.
Argued Nov. 13, 1961. See 83 S.Ct. 187. Biggs, Chief Judge, and Goodrich, Circuit Judge, dissented.
The decree of the district court will be reversed and the cause remanded with directions to grant the preliminary injunction prayed for.
T. E. Byrne, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa., for appellants (Krusen, Evans & Byrne, Philadelphia, Pa., on the brief).
John J. Dautrich, Philadelphia, Pa., amicus curiae (Michael H. Malin, and White & Williams, Philadelphia, Pa., on the brief).
Before BIGGS, Chief Judge, and GOODRICH, MCLAUGHLIN, KALODNER, STALEY, HASTIE and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
MCLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge.
On April 24, 1958, John Gamble, a longshoreman, commenced a personal injuries action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania against Pope & Talbot, Inc., a shipowner. On September 22, 1959, the latter with leave of court impleaded Jarka Corp. of Philadelphia, the stevedoring company which had employed Gamble. The case was tried in March of 1961 resulting in verdicts in favor of Gamble against Pope & Talbot with indemnity in favor of the latter against Jarka Corp. The merits of the litigation are not before us. Our problem is solely concerned with pretrial procedure.
In effect in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania are two “standing orders” which provide as follows:
“PRE-TRIAL CONFERENCES IN OTHER THAN PROTRACTED CASES
“(Adopted October 23, 1958)
“1. The Clerk of the Court shall list for pre-trial all civil cases which have been answered for trial on the Jury and Non-Jury Preliminary Call lists. The filing of a pre-trial mem-
orandum by all counsel is mandatory. * * * “3. * * * Not later than 30 days after the publishing of said [civil pre-trial] list, counsel for plaintiff shall file a written pre-trial memorandum with the Clerk of the Court and serve two copies on all other counsel of record.
“Within 30 days of receipt of such pre-trial memorandum, all counsel served with plaintiff‘s memorandum shall file a written pre-trial memorandum with the Clerk of the Court and serve two copies on all other counsel of record. * * *
“Plaintiff‘s pre-trial memorandum shall contain the following: * * *
“C. The names and addresses of all witnesses (except rebuttal) whom the plaintiff expects to call to testify at the time of trial. * * *
“Defendant‘s counsel shall also include in his pre-trial memorandum the same material pertaining to defendant‘s case as required of plaintiff in paragraphs C, * * *.
“IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PRE-TRIAL PROCEDURES
“(Adopted February 8, 1960)
“For failure to appear at a pre-trial conference, or to participate therein, or to prepare therefor, the Court, in its discretion, may make such order with respect to the imposition of fines, costs and counsel fees, as is just and proper; with respect to the continued prosecution of the cause (complaint, cross-claim or counterclaim), a dismissal may be entered, or as to the defense, the preclusion of all or any part thereof, as is likewise just and proper.”
In compliance with the October 23rd standing order, counsel for the plaintiff and third-party defendant filed their pre-trial memoranda with the court and served their adversaries with the required copies. The defense memorandum was not filed until the day before the pretrial conference. It was more than ten months overdue. There is no question but that counsel‘s lapse was unintentional. After receiving regular notice from the court clerk of the pending pretrial conference, he reviewed his file, caught the omission, and then proceeded to prepare a full memorandum.
On December 8, 1960, leave having been granted at the pretrial conference, counsel for the plaintiff filed a written motion to have the court strike the untimely memorandum. Thereafter the court filed a memorandum opinion and order denying the motion as too drastic in the circumstances but, in view of the long though unintentional delay, (1) struck the names of certain proposed witnesses appearing on the memorandum thereby precluding the defendant from calling them as witnesses at the trial; (2) imposed upon the defendant‘s counsel “a fine of one hundred dollars” payable to the United States; and (3) permitted the plaintiff to “submit within thirty days an appropriate order imposing upon defendant all costs, expenses and reasonable counsel fees caused by defendant‘s delay in filing its pre-trial memorandum.” The trial was held with the results as stated.
Viewing the imposition of the fine upon him as carrying “the criminal hallmark“, defendant‘s counsel filed a notice of appeal in compliance with the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (and thus well within the time requirement of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure). He captioned the appeal in the original cause and did not name an appellee. At his request, the clerk of the court served a copy of the notice of appeal upon the United States Attorney. The latter has neither appeared nor filed a brief. Leave was granted John J. Dautrich, Esq. to appear as amicus curiae in opposition to appellant‘s position.
The issue is whether the district court has the power to fine counsel for a party engaged in private civil litigation for not complying with the “standing orders” of the court. Appellant does not here ques-
The district court justified the imposition of the fine by saying that:
“In view of the time of judicial employees of the Government wasted as a result of the late filing of this memorandum, a fine shall be paid by counsel for the defendant to the United States of America (see Standing Order of February 8, 1960). Such a fine will be more substantial in subsequent cases of such long delay in filing a pre-trial memorandum, but the fact that this is the first time in the experience of the pre-trial judge that a fine has been required is being taken into consideration in this case. Also, it is suggested to opposing counsel that, in the future, their adversary should be reminded of his delinquency if defaults and other remedies are to be sought for its long continuance.”
Appellant‘s contention is that the district court has not been given authority and possesses no inherent power to fine an attorney who has not been held in contempt nor given a hearing. We must agree.
The trial judge did not regard the attorney‘s default as constituting contempt of the court; he did regard it as falling within the sanction of the standing order. The contempt designation was nowhere used in the order appealed from or in the standing order. There were no formal contempt proceedings. Appellant suggests that the court‘s action in fining him “had to be contempt or it was nothing.” Amicus urges that it was simply “* * * an exercise of disciplinary authority, with no necessary criminal connotation.” He further asserts that “* * * it certainly may not be assumed that Congress intended * * * [by the contempt statute,
However it be called the effect was to punish defendant‘s attorney for contempt in failing to file the defense pretrial memorandum within time. Amicus does not point to and we cannot find any authority for it. There is nothing in the Federal Rules which authorizes sanctions in the form of penalties to be imposed upon an attorney in a civil litigation.1 To impose such a penalty for conduct not found to be contemptuous and without the procedural safeguards given by Rule 42 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,
Amicus next contends that even if the Federal Rules do not give explicit authority to the district court, Rule 83 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
Absent authority, the district court‘s power to penalize appellant is limited by the contempt statute,
We stress that this is an ordinary pretrial procedure case. It is not a cause célèbre. It should be kept headed into the wind. It furnishes no need or reasonable excuse for some collateral defense of pretrial practice. The latter has long since been generally accepted by both courts, federal and state, and attorneys. The Eastern District of Pennsylvania, one of the largest (in volume) and busiest in the nation, has been a leader in establishing work-a-day pretrial methods that, despite woeful lack of judge power through the years, have been of most material assistance in properly handling an enormous trial list. This would not have been possible without the devoted, constant, expert use of them by all of the judges in the district. And the smooth, satisfactory operation of the system would not have been possible without the sincere cooperation of the bar. Both court and counsel recognize that pretrial is an integral, necessary element of litigation. It is doubted that anyone affected would now willingly revert to the litigation practice as it was prior to the adoption of today‘s methods.
On occasion there is a slip up. Almost always it is no more than that, as in the involved instance. Usually it occurs where a date is not entered, or perhaps not carried over, or is erroneously noted; sometimes where a paper or letter is filed prematurely and forgotten until some independent reminder brings it to light. Judges are not customarily plagued with that sort of incident themselves though it has taken place with them too. Lawyers are not so fortunate. When it happens, they are embarrassed and troubled. In good faith they do what can be done to make amends. As long as a lawyer practices, once in a great while, he will be haunted by the thought that he missed a filing date. His primary distress is not over punishment but that he has neglected a duty. No matter what might be the office situation, the responsibility is his and he assumes it.
Judges know this. While they rightly demand and receive full compliance, they are mostly patient and understanding. In instances when their judgment is that affirmative action should be had in a particular set of circumstances, it is taken. Ordinarily there is nothing personal about it. In the case at bar it was the delay that was being punished, irrespective of its cause. The means employed were beyond the power of the court but the incident did serve to point up the importance of counsel meticulously observing pretrial filing date obligations. In so doing it fulfilled the commendable purpose of the trial judge, i. e., to vividly bring to the attention of the entire Eastern District bar that substantial negligence in pretrial practice will not be tolerated. But that commendable purpose with its innocent but palpably erroneous assumption of dictatorial powers over litigation, lawyers and litigants, should not now be seized upon as an opportunity to further the questionable cause of reducing lawyers in a courtroom or within its reach to puppets, com-
We are not dealing with the caponizing of a judge. It is not his independence that is being protected by the minority view. What the latter is doing is supporting the tactic of informally inflicting a criminal sanction without charges or hearing; where there was no “actual obstruction of justice”2 and where counsel belatedly remedied but nevertheless remedied his unfortunate negligence and where the plaintiff‘s cause was not harmed. What the minority view really attacks is our “vigorous, independent bar“.3 What it really advocates is the complete take over of the trial and its collaterals by the trial judge and appellate courts. It is good to have this out in the open where it can be squarely faced. The effort to concentrate all that frightening power in the bench is too dangerous a potential to let slip by clothed in such disarming language as “simply * * * an exercise in disciplinary authority, with no necessary criminal connotation“. All that “exercise” happens to be is the first giant step in stripping a lawyer of his independence and leaving him, his client and the latter‘s cause of action to the ukase of the court. Even Jack Cade‘s solution would have left the lawyer his self-respect.
That the trial court‘s act should be urged as justified by some sort of judgemade law makes it doubly abhorrent. Kept within its proper bounds the district court decision is merely a mistake, to be corrected in stride. Given the motivation attributed by the minority to the principle involved, it is an ominous doctrine that should be buried deep and forgotten.
Paragraph (2) of the order of the district court of February 23, 1961, which is the only part of said order from which appeal has been taken, will be reversed. The case will be remanded with instructions that judgment be entered in favor of appellant (counsel for the defendant) on paragraph (2) of said order.
HASTIE, Circuit Judge (concurring in result).
I agree that the court below, although acting with the best intention, has exceeded its power by imposing a criminal sanction without legislative authority for conduct which did not amount to contempt of court. Accordingly, I concur in the reversal of the challenged part of the order of the district court. However, the principal opinion includes references to the contrary position in which I do not join.
Judge KALODNER joins in the foregoing.
BIGGS, Chief Judge (dissenting).
I regret that I cannot agree with the majority opinion. I do agree that the issue is whether a United States district court has the power to “fine” or impose a sanction on counsel for a party engaged in private civil litigation because the attorney1 has not complied with a “standing order” or rule of the court requiring him to file a timely pretrial memorandum. The majority strikes down the fine on the ground that the court has not been given the authority and possesses no inherent power to impose upon counsel what, in the majority‘s view, is a penalty for criminal contempt.
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania is one of the busiest in the federal system. At the end of the fiscal year 1961, it had pending over 4000 civil cases,2 the type of litigation most difficult to dispose of and more time-consuming than any other. A high degree of cooperation between bench and bar must be secured if calendar control and prompt disposition of these civil cases are to be effected.
That high degree of cooperation has, in general, been attained. The great majority of members of the bar join with the judges in vigorous and sincere efforts to bring the congested dockets up to date. But a few attorneys are habitually dilatory. The often unconscious mental attitude of this small group contributes substantially to calendar congestion. It is the banal but brutal fact that justice delayed is justice denied.
For many centuries it has been the practice to impose the shortcomings of the counsel upon the client. When a required pleading, for example, has not been filed in time or default has been incurred by reason of the failure of counsel to perform his duty, it has been usual to impose costs or some other penalty upon the party and not on his counsel.3 This seems as unrealistic as imposing a penalty on a passenger because the railroad train on which he rides is late because of the dereliction of the operating crew.
Here we are concerned specifically with procedures relating to the pretrial conference. I think the great value of such conferences in aiding the speedy disposition of civil cases cannot be seriously questioned. As was said in Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 291 F.2d 542, 547 (7 Cir. 1961), aff‘d, 370 U.S. 626, 82 S.Ct. 1386, 8 L.Ed.2d 734 (1962):
“Pre-trial procedure has become an integrated part of the judicial process on the trial level. Courts must be free to use it and to control and enforce its operation. Otherwise, the orderly administration of justice will be removed from the trial court and placed in the hands of counsel. We do not believe such a course is within the contemplation of the law.”
In Link the action was dismissed because of the failure of the plaintiff‘s counsel to attend a pretrial conference. The sanction—a most severe one—was visited on the party-plaintiff rather than on his counsel. See also Payne v. S.S. Nabob, 302 F.2d 803 (3 Cir. 1962).
To the end that pretrial might be carried on effectively in the court below, the first of the “standing orders“, that of October 23, 1958, set out in the majority opinion, was adopted. As I understand it, the majority does not doubt, nor the appellant question, the power of the district court to make such an order. In Padovani v. Bruchhausen, 293 F.2d 546, 548 (2 Cir. 1961), Judge Clark points out that the purpose of Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is to enable the court to call a conference to prepare for trial—that is, the pretrial conference. Rule 83 authorizes the district courts to
Dealing now with the second standing order of the court below, that of February 8, 1960, under which the sanction on counsel was imposed, that also has the validity of a rule of court made pursuant to Rule 83. It is a reasonable exercise of the authority given district courts by the Supreme Court in accordance with that Court‘s rule-making power under the Act of June 19, 1934, 48 Stat. 1064,
Assume, however, that a United States District Court gains no authority under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to establish the standing order of February 8, 1960, under which the penalty was imposed upon the tardy counsel. I conclude nevertheless that the district court possesses the inherent power to make both standing orders, the last as well as the first. The conception of a court helpless to control its calendar is a hopeless one.
The power of a court to discipline members of its own bar can scarcely be doubted seriously. An attorney is under no obligation to seek admission to the bar of a United States district court. He is at liberty to abstain from membership in that or any other bar. But when he does apply and is admitted he secures certain privileges and also assumes definite obligations.
The power of a court to impose appropriate and reasonable sanctions upon those admitted to its bar is a familiar phenomenon and lies within the inherent power of any court of record. Typical of that power is the authority of a court to grant a new trial of its own motion, to dismiss a complaint for want of prosecution5 or in order to effect the ends of justice,6 to invoke the aid of an auditor,7 to call for a pretrial conference,8 to protect a litigant against costs created by his counsel,9 and to make rules,10 in addition to the power to discipline members of the bar.11
The appellant, for obvious reasons, desires to give the proceedings a criminal cast. He asserts that the appeal has been taken pursuant to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and uses the word “sentencing” to characterize the order appealed from. But how the appellant chooses to describe his appeal is, in my opinion, not important; the notice of appeal should be viewed, I think, as sufficiently broad to authorize this appeal whether it is civil or criminal. What is important, however, is that these proceedings are of a different nature from those for criminal contempt. The power to discipline springs from a different source than does the power to punish for criminal contempt. See
I would affirm the order of the court below.
GOODRICH, Circuit Judge (concurring in dissent).
It seems to me that the position taken by the Chief Judge is clearly right. It is true that the “inferior courts” spoken of in the Constitution are courts of limited jurisdiction. But because a court has authority to deal with only specified types of cases or controversies does not mean that the judge of such a court is caponized. So far as the things he deals with are concerned, he has the authority, surely, of any judge in any court of record.
No one doubts that the judge has authority to run his court. He may tell counsel to sit down; he may have removed from the room persons who interfere with the proceedings. He sets dates for argument. Court is opened and adjourned at such times as he specifies. He certainly is not less in control of his courtroom than is a teacher in control of his classroom.
Now the judge may also discipline the members of the bar of his court and, in cases calling for it, may suspend them or punish them for contempt. It seems to me clear that with all this authority which the judge undoubtedly has that he can also impose sanctions for the disciplining of lawyers who, in matters not amounting to contempt, do not obey rules. If a judge is going to organize, either alone or with fellow judges, the business of the court, there must be authority to impose reasonable sanctions for the breach of reasonable rules.*