991 F.2d 64 | 3rd Cir. | 1993
Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
This appeal arises out of the district court’s grant of summary judgment for defendants in a civil rights action brought by plaintiff Joel Durmer, an inmate in the New Jersey correctional system. Mr. Durmer claims that the defendants violated his civil rights through their deliberate indifference to his medical needs during his period of incarceration. The district court concluded that, as a matter of law, no deliberate indifference was present here and thus, summary judgment in favor of the defendants was appropriate. For the reasons outlined below, we disagree with this conclusion with respect to defendant O’Carroll and will reverse and remand for further proceedings.
I.
In March 1987, Durmer suffered a cerebral vascular incident which caused his left leg to drag and weakness in his left arm. In June 1987, he was involved in an automobile accident which caused, among other things, an injury to his back. On October 1, 1987, Durmer allegedly suffered another stroke which further weakened his left leg and arm. On October 2, 1987, Durmer began his period of incarceration in the New Jersey prison system, a period which ended with his release on April 10, 1989.
Prior to his incarceration, Durmer was treated by Dr. Campollataro, an orthopedic
On April 22, 1988, Durmer was transferred to the Yardsville Correctional Center where he saw Dr. DelCastillo, a psychiatrist, who examined him and concluded that his medical complaints were valid. On or about May 5, 1988, Durmer was transferred to Mid-State Correctional Facility where he remained for the duration of his incarceration. Shortly after that date, Durmer saw Dr. O’Carroll, the physician-in-charge at Mid-State and advised him of his physical problems. In particular, Durmer told Dr. O’Carroll of his strokes, his increasing left-side weakness, and his immediate need for physical therapy pursuant to Dr. Campollataro’s orders.
Dr. O’Carroll did not reinstitute any physical therapy but instead chose to wait for Durmer’s medical records to arrive and send him for further examination. On June 29, 1988, Durmer was sent to the Trenton State Prison-Neurology Clinic where he was examined by a neurologist, Dr. Chaudry. Dr. Chaudry’s report indicated that Durmer had, in the past, suffered a stroke and it concluded with two recommendations. First, it recommended physical therapy and second, it recommended that Durmer also see a neurosurgeon to examine Durmer’s back problems and explore the possibility of disc disease. Durmer did not receive physical therapy, however. Instead, Dr. O’Carroll sent Durmer to see a neurosurgeon, Dr. Scheuerman, on July 6, 1988.
Over the next three months, Durmer continued to complain about the lack of physical therapy to Dr. O’Carroll and allegedly wrote letters expressing the same complaints to Mr. Barker (the warden of Mid-State) and Mr. Fauver (the State Commissioner for Corrections). He claims that his condition grew progressively worse over that period as he lost movement in his left leg and foot. In October 1988, Dr. O’Carroll sent Durmer to see Dr. Scheuerman again, apparently to evaluate whether physical therapy would be effective. Dr. Scheuerman recommended that Durmer see a physiatrist
Durmer contends that the defendants’ failure to provide the appropriate physical therapy during his stay in the New Jersey prison system caused him to lose substantial use of his left leg and foot. This contention forms the basis of Durmer’s § 1983 action against O’Carroll, Barker, and Fauver.
II.
The district court properly exercised jurisdiction over Durmer’s suit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1343. We have jurisdiction over the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the defendant pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
Summary judgment is only appropriate where “there is no genuine issue of material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). An issue of material fact exists only if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In considering a motion for summary judgment, “inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts ... must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc. 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962)). Our review of a grant of summary judgment is plenary. Jefferson Bank v. Progressive Casualty Insurance Co., 965 F.2d 1274, 1276 (3d Cir.1992).
III.
Although prison systems have a duty to provide prisoners with adequate medical care, see, e.g., Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 291, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) (“[I]t is but just that the public be required to care for the prisoner who cannot by reason of deprivation of liberty care for himself.”), the law is clear that simple medical malpractice is insufficient to present a constitutional violation. See id. at 106, 97 S.Ct. at 292. Indeed, prison authorities are accorded considerable latitude in the diagnosis and treatment of prisoners. See Inmates of Allegheny County Jail v. Pierce, 612 F.2d 754, 762 (3d Cir.1979); see also White v. Napoleon, 897 F.2d 103, 110 (3d Cir.1990) (“Certainly, no claim is presented when a doctor disagrees with the professional judgment of another doctor. There may, for example, be several ways to treat an illness.”). In order to succeed in an action claiming inadequate medical treatment, a prisoner must show more than negligence; he must show “deliberate indifference” to a serious medical need. See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104-06, 97 S.Ct. at 291-92;
The district court concluded that Dr. O’Carroll’s conduct in sending Durmer to several different specialists and providing of some treatment precludes a finding of deliberate indifference. According to the court, this case is simply an instance of a treating physician opting for a different course of treatment than that suggested by another physician. While this may be one reasonable reading of the record in this case, we cannot conclude that it is the only one.
At the time Dr. O’Carroll first saw Durmer, Durmer had already spent over seven months in the New Jersey prison system without receiving the physical ther
In Lanzaro, we noted that deliberate indifference could exist in a variety of different circumstances, including where “ ‘knowledge of the need for medical care [is accompanied by the] ... intentional refusal to provide that care’ ” or where “[s]hort of absolute denial ... ‘necessary medical treatment [i]s ... delayed for non-medical reasons,’ ” or where “ ‘prison authorities prevent an inmate from receiving recommended treatment.’ ” Lanzaro, 834 F.2d at 346 (citations omitted).
While we believe summary judgment was improperly granted with respect to Dr. O’Carroll, we believe that summary judgment was proper with respect to defendants Barker and Fauver. The only allegation against either of these two defendants was that they failed to respond to letters Durmer sent to them explaining his predicament.
IV.
Accordingly, the district court’s order granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be affirmed with respect to defendants Fauver and Barker. Because we believe that a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that Dr. O’Carroll was deliberately indifferent to Durmer’s medical need for physical therapy and that this indifference caused Durmer’s physical injury, we will reverse that portion of the district court order which granted summary judgment for Dr. O’Carroll and will remand for further proceedings.
. The physical therapy prescribed by Dr. Cam-pollataro apparently included the use of an ex-ercycle, active massages, and water therapy.
. The warden of Mid-State at this time was Robert Barker, and the State Commissioner for Corrections was William Fauver. Both Barker and Fauver are named defendants in this suit.
. At his deposition, Dr. O’Carroll claimed that the reason for this was to rule out disk disease before beginning physical therapy and thereby prevent further injury.
. A physiatrist is a physician specializing in physical therapy.
. Durmer refused to use the TENS unit as recommended by Dr. Scheuerman.
. At that point, 20 months had elapsed from the first stroke, and 13 months had elapsed since the second alleged stroke.
. The district court concluded that Durmer’s medical needs clearly were serious, and the defendants do not appear to contest this conclusion on appeal.
. The reason Dr. O’Carroll sent Durmer to a neurosurgeon, on Dr. Chaudry's recommendation, was to rule out the possibility of disk disease. Dr. O’Carroll claims that he wanted to rule out disk disease before beginning physical therapy because disk disease might be the cause of all Durmer’s problems and/or might be aggravated by physical therapy. There appears some reason to question this explanation, however. Dr. Chaudry’s recommendation made no mention of the neurosurgical evaluation having to take place before physical therapy. Durmer had, in fact, had several months of physical therapy before entering prison. Perhaps more importantly, the neurosurgeon ultimately does not appear to have diagnosed Durmer as having disk disease; although the neurosurgeon’s report did not recommend physical therapy, it also in no way suggested that physical therapy would be inappropriate or harmful.
. According to Defendants’ own brief, "Dr. O'Carroll sent [Durmer] to consultant after consultant in order to establish what his specific problems and needs were, and ultimately sent him to a physiatrist for physical therapy_’’ While this might, as defendants suggest, indicate that Dr. O’Carroll was "conscientiously ... [trying] to determine whether [Durmer] really needed physical therapy or whether physical therapy might actually inflict more damage,” it might also reasonably be viewed as an intentional delaying tactic designed to avoid having to provide physical therapy until it was too late. Diagnosis is not equivalent to treatment; a defendant might be deliberately indifferent to a prisoner’s specific medical needs regardless of how many doctors he sends him to for diagnosis.
. In his deposition, Dr. O'Carroll testified that in order for Durmer to get physical therapy "the patient would have to go out [of the Mid-State Facility]. Arrangements would have to be made for his transportation. It would have to be cleared by Trenton most likely.” Durmer, in his affidavit, also claims that Dr. Scheuerman, the neurosurgeon, told him that water therapy was not available in prison, and that he personally did not believe in physical therapy for prisoners. Durmer additionally alleges that a nurse told him that "this is jail. This is not the real world, you can forget physical therapy.”
. Durmer also relies on two other examples of deliberate indifference cited by Lanzaro: ”[w]here prison authorities deny reasonable requests for medical treatment ... and such denial exposes the inmate 'to undue suffering or the threat of tangible residual injury’" and "where prison officials erect arbitrary and burdensome procedures that ‘resultf ] in interminable delays and outright denials of medical care to suffering inmates.’" Lanzaro, 834 F.2d at 346-47 (citations omitted).
. None of the specialists to whom Durmer was referred have ever stated that physical therapy would have been inappropriate, and the reports of both Dr. Chaudry and Dr. Carabelli suggest that physical therapy would have been effective if administered promptly after Dr. Chaudry’s recommendation.
. We do not mean to suggest that a plaintiff is entitled to a trial anytime he can present a genuine issue of fact as to whether the care provided was adequate. Clearly, there must also be a genuine issue of fact regarding the defendant’s intent. We hold only that, in light of the surrounding circumstances, there is a triable issue of fact as to whether Dr. O’Carroll knew that Durmer should receive physical therapy and deliberately failed to provide it for non-medical reasons.
.Respondeat superior is, of course, not an acceptable basis for liability under § 1983. See, e.g., Polk County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325, 102 S.Ct. 445, 453, 70 L.Ed.2d 509 (1981).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Because I find no evidence of deliberate indifference to a serious medical need on the part of Dr. O’Carroll, I would affirm the judgment of the district court.
Before his incarceration, Durmer was examined and treated by his own doctor, Dr. Campollataro. From October 2, Durmer was incarcerated in an interim facility where he received no physical therapy. Five months later, he was transferred to yet another facility where he received no physical therapy. Finally, on or about May 5, 1988, six months after his last stroke, Durmer was transferred to the Mid-State Correctional Facility. Dr. O’Carroll’s first examination occurred shortly thereafter.
As the majority notes, Durmer told O’Carroll of his strokes, his left-side weakness, and his need for physical therapy. Because Dr. O’Carroll had no records of Durmer’s medical history, he waited for Durmer’s full medical records to arrive before prescribing treatment. After receiving and reviewing the records, Dr. O’Carroll referred Durmer to a neurologist to determine the appropriate treatment.
On June 29, 1988, Durmer was examined by Dr. Chaudry at the Neurological Clinic at Trenton State Prison. Dr. Chaudry recommended physical therapy and an evaluation by a neurosurgeon to rule out disc disease as the cause of Durmer’s problem. Dr. O’Carroll testified that he feared that if disc disease were the root of Durmer’s
Durmer continued to complain to Dr. O’Carroll about his need for and failure to receive physical therapy. Dr. O’Carroll sent Durmer back to Dr. Scheuerman specifically for a recommendation regarding physical therapy. On October 12, 1988, Dr. Scheuerman recommended that Durmer use the TENS unit and see a physiatrist regarding physical therapy. Ignoring Dr. Scheuerman’s recommendation, Durmer refused to use the TENS unit as prescribed and signed a statement accepting “full responsibility” for his decision.
Dr. O’Carroll then sent Durmer to see a physiatrist, Dr. Carabelli on November 9, 1988. Dr. Carabelli prescribed an orthotic device for Durmer’s left foot and ankle, with three weeks of physical therapy to train him in the use of that device. Durmer testified that he never received the three-week therapy. Dr. Carabelli did not recommend any additional physical therapy because he believed it was too long after Durmer’s stroke to do any good.
I can discern no evidence of deliberate indifference on the part of Dr. O’Carroll. The suggestion that Dr. O’Carroll intentionally delayed physical therapy by referring Durmer to specialists is speculation. When Dr. O’Carroll first examined Durmer in May 1988, it appears from the record that the last recommendation for physical therapy occurred before October 2, 1987, the date Durmer was incarcerated. It seems reasonable that a treating physician examining a patient in May 1988 would not rely on the patient’s request for a specific treatment, based on his doctor’s recommendation some eight months earlier, but would first want to examine the medical records and then refer the patient to a specialist. Dr. O’Carroll sent Durmer to two specialists and largely followed their recommendations. Dr. O’Carroll also offered evidence that he instructed Durmer on exercises to rehabilitate his back and promptly treated several other ailments.
At most Durmer has presented evidence of medical malpractice. It is well-established that medical malpractice alone does not violate the Eighth Amendment. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106, 97 S.Ct. at 292; see White v. Napoleon, 897 F.2d 103, 110 (3d Cir.1990) (recognizing the “well-established rule that mere disagreements over medical judgment do not state Eighth Amendment claims”). Because I find no evidence of deliberate indifference on the part of Dr. O’Carroll to any of Durmer’s medical needs, I respectfully dissent.
. In May 1988, shortly after his transfer to Mid-State, Durmer complained of an ulcer. Dr. O’Carroll promptly examined him, ordered a UGI, and prescribed Persantine and Zantac. A month later, Durmer complained of a dark bowel movement and a fungus rash. Dr. O’Carroll examined Durmer, found no sign of a gastrointestinal problems, and prescribed a treatment cream for the rash. In September 1988, Durmer complained of pain in his right knee. Dr. O’Carroll sent him to an orthopedist, Dr. Wang, who prescribed use of a hinged knee brace and ordered an arthrogram. O’Carroll also examined Durmer's back several times, prescribed exercises to strengthen it, and — according to Durmer’s testimony — "tried two or three different type [sic] of medications" to treat his ailment.