LAs part of his employment duties with the Omni Royal Orleans Hotel, Roland Randall had removed a manhole cover in order- to read a water meter, which was located below a sidewalk next to the hotel. While he was recording the reading, an approaching pedestrian, Edgar Sierra Jimenez, fell into the uncovered manhole. Mr. Jimenez sued the hotel 1 for damages for *530 failing to warn him of the uncovered manholе. The trial judge, finding that the uncovered manhole was “open and obvious” and that Mr. Jimenez was “100% at fault,” dismissed Mr. Jimenez’s suit with prejudice.
Mr. Jimenez appeals the judgment and argues that the trial court was in error in failing to apportion some percentage of liability to those responsible for Mr. Randall’s actions. He argues that holding a plaintiff to be “100% at fault” (in the 12words of the trial court judgment) is in fact a return tо the legislatively-abolished doctrine of contributory negligence.
After our review of the trial court’s factual findings under the manifest error standard, we conclude that the trial court was not clearly wrong in finding that the open manhole was open and obvious to all and, under the circumstances, in deciding that the hotel, owing no duty to Mr. Jimenez, was not at fault. We, therefore, affirm the judgment and explain our dеcision in greater detail in the following parts.
I
In this Part we describe the historical facts.
Water meters are located beneath the public sidewalk adjacent to the hotel. As part of his daily employment duties, Mr. Randall in the daytime would remove the manhole covering on a water meter, lay it next to the opening on the sidewalk, stoop down to read the meter, rise and record the reading, and replace the covеr. Mr. Randall would not place cones or barricades around the openings while he was engaged in reading a meter. Until Mr. Jimenez’s fall Mr. Randall’s meter readings had been uneventful.
Mr. Jimenez, an employee of a nearby restaurant, parked his car across the street from the hotel and was walking toward Mr. Randall. His purpose, he said, was to inquire of Mr. Randall whether the parking-control agents were ticketing that day. He thought Mr. Randall, who was uniformed and writing on a pad, might be one of the agents. Mr. Jimenez claims that Mr. Randall was standing next to the | shotel, but Mr. Randall stated he was stooped down as Mr. Jimenez first approached. As he approached, Mr. Jimenez began to speak to Mr. Randall and they made eye contact, but Mr. Randall did not respond to Mr. Jimenez and continued his reading or recording.
Then Mr. Jimenez accidentally stepped into the uncovered manhole. He managed to get himself out and sat on the street curb briefly. He then returned to his car, took out his camera, and began to photograph the scene. The photographs, taken from the perspective of Mr. Jimenez’s approach crossing the street toward the sidewalk, clearly show the manhole cover astride the sidewalk and the open manhole. When compared to later photographs which showed the manhole covered, the earlier photographs reveal that the uncovered manhole was open and obvious to all.
When questioned why he did not warn Mr. Jimenez of the uncovered hole, Mr. Randall explained that the open manhole was visible, that Mr. Jimenez actuаlly saw him looking down into the hole, and that Mr. Jimenez actually saw him reading the meter. But, according to Mr. Jimenez, because there were no yellow cones around the opening and because the opening was “in a curve, and indentation,” he just did not see it; he was looking at Mr. Randall. Mr. Jimenez conceded that the open manhole was clearly visible in his photographs. But he insisted that the open manhole was not obvious to him at the time he fell in it.
*531 II
In this Part we consider the trial judge’s findings, as expressed in her written reasons. We then review those findings under the manifest error standard of review. The trial judge’s explicit factual finding that the uncovered manhole was open and obvious, and her implicit factual findings that the uncovered manhole was open and obvious to all and, on that account, the hotel did not create an unreasonable risk of harm, result in the legally correct conclusion that in this case the hotel owed no duty to warn Mr. Jimenez of thе uncovered manhole. The hotel-defendants, therefore, are not at fault for Mr. Jimenez’s injuries and damages.
The trial judge summarized her findings in her Reasons for Judgment:
The manhole that the plaintiff claims to have fallen into was open and obvi- ous_ Mr. Randall never left the open manhole unattended.... the plaintiff could and should have seen the engineer on his knees taking the meter reading as well as the meter cover itself on the sidewalk.... Falling into an open manhole during the day under the above described conditions makes the plaintiff 100% at fault, (emphasis added)
This finding, which characterizes Mr. Jimenez’s fault as 100%, seems to be the source of Mr. Jimenez’s concern and his appeal to us. He argues that the trial court’s ruling is a disguise for the application of the now-abolished doctrine of contributory negligence, which barred an award of damages to a plaintiff who shares fault with a defendant. 2 Professors Ma-raist and Galligan have addressed this perception: “While the ‘open and obvious’ argument suggests a disguised ^application of contributory negligence or assumption of the risk, when the risk is open and obvious to everyone, the probability of injury is low and the risk may be outweighed by the thing’s utility.” Frank L. Maraist & Thomas C. Galligan, Louisiana Tort Law § 14-3 (1996). They continue that “[cjonsequently, when the risk is open and obvious, the thing may not be unreasonably dangerous, or, after the amendments [of 1996 to Louisiana tort law], the defendant may not have failed to exercise reasonable care.” These comments help us mark the path in our ensuing discussion (in Part IV, post) to dispel the notion that the trial court’s holding is contributory negligence in disguise.
A
Central to the problem presеnted in this case is the resolution or disposition of the trial court’s finding of
fact
that the uncovered manhole was open and obvious. Like all factual findings, we review a finding of “open and obvious” under the manifest error-clearly wrong standard, which standard is well-known.
Nolan v. Mabray,
10-0373, p. 10 (La.11/30/10),
In this case, the trial judge had the opportunity to observe the demeanor and assess the credibility of witnesses, review evidence, and make a factual determination as to the course of actions from which the injury arose.
See Rosell,
B
Mr. Jimenez casts his claim against the hotel for a failure to warn. “Every act whatever of man that causes damage to another obliges him by whose fault it happened to repair it.” La. Civil Code Art. 2315. And, of course, that the hotel as the employer of Mr. Rаndall is responsible for his failure to warn.
See
La. Civil Code Art. 2320 (“employers are answerable for the damage occasioned by them servants and overseers in the exercise of the functions in which they are employed”). A claim for damages for negligence, such as the failure to warn, is analyzed under a duty-risk construct.
See Posecai v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
99-1222, p. 4 (La.11/30/99),
We focus on the second element: the duty of care, in particular whether the hotel or its employee had a duty to Mr. Jimenez, and in this case a duty to warn him. “Whether a duty is owed is a question of law; whether defendant has breached a duty is a question of fact.”
Brewer v. J.B. Hunt Transport, Inc.,
09-1408, p. 14 (La.3/16/10),
A key to the answer to that question in any negligence (and even the so-called strict liability action) is whether a person, thing, or condition creates or constitutes an
unreasonable
risk of harm.
See Smolinski v. Taulli,
A factual finding that the uncovered manhole is open and obvious leads the fact-finder to an evaluation of whether an open and obvious uncovered manhole presents an unreasonable risk of harm.
See Burns,
10-0277, p. 19,
The precept is derived from the notion that “a potentially dangerous condition that should be
obvious
to all comers is not, in all instances, unreasonably dangerous.”
Socorro v. City of New Orleans,
Recently, the Louisiana Supreme Court again applied this analysis to decide that an open and obvious condition created by a defendant did not constitute an unreasonable risk of harm to an elderly visitor, and thus there being no duty to the visitor, the defendant was not liable for the harm.
Pryor v. Iberia Parish School Board,
10C-1683 (La.3/15/11),
This confirmed the Louisiana Supreme Court’s approach in
Eisenhardt v. Snook.
There, reversing the appellate court’s ruling and reinstating the trial court’s judgment, the Supreme Court found that Mr.
*534
Eisenhardt should have seen the water on Ms. Snook’s steps and known that there was a hazard.
See Eisenhardt v.
Snook,
08-1287, p. 7 (La.3/17/09),
An uncovered manhole is unquestionably potentially dangerous. But when it is open and obvious to all, a fact-finder may determine that it does not present an unreasonable risk of harm. If the fact-finder does so determine that the risk is not unreasonable, we as an intermediate appellate court owe that finding deference. And if it is a reasonable finding and not clearly wrong, then as a matter of law, the defendant owed no duty to the injured plaintiff and is not liable to the plaintiff.
After a review of the entire record evidence, we conclude that the trial judge’s factual findings are reasonable and not clearly wrong. In the manner in which the hotel employee was attending to the water meter at the time Mr. Jimenez (unexplainedly) stepped into the open and obviously uncovered manhole, we cannot find that the hotel or its employee created an unreasonable risk of harm. Because the risk of harm was not unreasonable, the Omni Royal Orleans Hotel and its employee, Mr. Randall, had no duty to warn Mr. Jimenez. Not having violated any duty to Mr. Jimenez, the hotel is without any fault in causing Mr. Jimenez’s injuries.
III
In this Part we simply acknowledge Mr. Jimenez’s argument that there are court decisions which may impose liability on a defendant for “open and obvious” conditions which a fact-finder decides created an unreasonable risk of harm. These decisions, however, do not cast doubt upon the trial court’s findings or upon our decision to affirm the trial court in this matter.
Mr. Jimenez points to some decisions which reached a different result and imposed liability because the condition of the manhole was not visible.
See, e.g., Dede v. Tip’s Development, L.L.C.,
09-0199, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 7/1/09),
Mr. Jimenez also quite correctly contends that several cases have held open manhole covers to be unreasonably dangerous.
See, e.g., Charles v. Sewerage and Water Bd. of New Orleans,
There are other decisions which suggest that simply because a condition may be open and obvious it does not
necessarily
result in a consequential finding that the defendant did not create an unreasonable risk of harm. Thus, the Louisiana Su
*535
preme Court, while acknowledging the dangerousnеss of bundled electric cables | ^placed in a pedestrian passageway at the Chalmette Crawfish Festival as well as a pedestrian’s duty to observe conditions as obvious to a visitor as to a landowner, found that case-specific factual issues precluded summary judgment.
See Hutchinson v. Knights of Columbus, Council No. 5747,
03-1583, p. 9 (La.2/20/03),
Finally, Mr. Jimenez cites DeStevens, supra; it is not apposite. DeStevens reversed a summary judgment involving an overhead power line. But, even as we noted in Pаrt II-B, ante, we agree that there the openness and obviousness of a specific danger is a question of fact which may or may not lead a fact-finder to a conclusion that the defendant has created an unreasonable risk of harm.
In conclusion, none of these fact-specific decisions detracts from our conclusion, and the conclusion of the trial judge in this case, that the unсovered | ^manhole in this case under these circumstances did not create an unreasonable risk of harm.
IV
In this Part we turn briefly to specially address Mr. Jimenez’s concern that the trial judge’s attribution of “100% fault” to him was a disguise for barring his recovery due to his contributory negligence.
We first observe that there are several cases, like this one, in which the fact-finder expressed in a shorthand manner that the defendant was not at fault by finding the plaintiff “100% at fault.”
See Eisenhardt,
08-1287, p. 7,
Under La. Civil Code art. 2323, however, there is no need to quantify a plaintiffs fault except for the purposes of reducing the amount of his damages. But reduction only occurs when the plaintiff suffers injury “as the result partly of his own negligence and partly as a result of the fault of another person or persons.” La. Civil Code ART. 2323 (emphasis added). Thus, if no defendant is at fault, there does not need to be an assessment of the plaintiffs fault or a quantification of his fault, and ordinarily there will not be. See La. C.C.P. arts. 1812 C and 1917 B. In other *536 words, even though legislatively Louisiana has a pure comparative fault regime, there is no theoretical or practical reason to quantify a plaintiffs fault when there is no fault on the part of any defendant.
There is admittedly criticism of a jurisprudential doctrine which focuses on the duty element (question for the court) as opposеd to the breach of duty element | u(question for the fact-finder) in order to deny rather than to reduce recovery to a plaintiff who is at fault “based on a notion that there are plaintiffs who do such foolish things or create such risks that it is not fair for them to recover.” Frank L. Ma-raist, H. Alston Johnson, III, Thomas C. Galligan, Jr., and William R. Corbett, Answering a Fool According to His Folly: Ruminations on Comparative Fault Thirty Years On, 70 La. L.Rеv. 1105, 1134 (2010). The charge, similar to Mr. Jimenez’s in this case, is that “the courts are engaged in creating replacements for the old recovery-barring defenses of contributory negligence and assumption of the risk.” Id. But, it cannot be overlooked that by focusing on duty and not on victim-fault, as we discussed in Part III, ante, not every plaintiff who may be partly at fault is denied recovery which was not the law under contributory negligence and assumption of the risk regimes. 5
Here, quite simply, the hotel had no duty to warn Mr. Jimenez and, consequently, is not liable to him. That is why Article 2323 is not applied in this case. And, more importantly, that is why Mr. Jimenez’s recovery is barred — not because of any contributing fault on his part.
DECREE
We affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of Omni Hotels Management Corporation d/b/a/ Omni Royal Orleans Hotel and Omni Hotels Corporation, and against Edgar Sierra Jimenez, dismissing his suit with prejudice. Each party is to bear its own cost on appeal. See La. C.C.P. ART. 2164.
AFFIRMED
Notes
. The named defendants are Omni Royal Orleans Hotel, Omni Hotels Management Cor *530 poration, Omni Hotels, and Julie Noto.
.
See
La. Civil Code art. 2323;
see also Murray v. Ramada Inns, Inc.,
.
See also Fluence v. Marshall Bros. Lincoln-Mercury, Inc.,
10-0482, p. 8 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/23/10),
. The fifth circuit in
Fluence,
10-482, p. 8,
no duty to protect against an open and obvious hazard. If the facts of a particular case show that the complained-of condition should be obvious to all, the condition may not be unreasonably dangerous, and the defendant may owe no duty to the plaintiff ... A landowner is not liable for an injury which results from a condition which should have been observed by the individual in the exercise of reasonable care, or which was as obvious to a visitor as it was to the landowner.
Id.,
10-482, p. 7,
. See n. 2, ante.