Jewett v. Boston Elevated Railway Co.

219 Mass. 528 | Mass. | 1914

Sheldon, J.

1. The first question raised is whether the medical examiner’s report of his autopsy, filed in court under the provisions of R. L. c. 24, § 10, and St. 1909, c. 273, § 1, was competent evidence to show the cause of the death of the plaintiff’s intestate. If we assume that this report was a public document and became by its filing in court a public record, we are yet of opinion that it rightly was excluded. Its statements as to the conclusions reached and as to the cause of the death were not statements of facts within the medical examiner’s own observation, but of matters of opinion reached upon his medical knowledge or by way of inference from answers to his inquiries or from facts observed by himself or the witnesses at the autopsy. His opinion, if he formed one, that death was or was not caused by violence, might have been reached either from his mere view of the body or as the result of inquiry. R. L. c. 24, § 10. The defendant was not a party or privy to the examination or the autopsy, and had no right to appear or to be heard thereat. As to it, the whole proceedings and the result thereof were res inter alios, no more competent against it than the record of a judgment between strangers. P. Garvan, Inc. v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, 210 Mass. 275, 279.

It is true that the record of a fact, made by a public officer, whose duty it is both to perform and to record it, is competent evidence of the truth of that fact. This principle has beén applied to records of the weather kept by proper officers under the law. Commonwealth v. Dorr, 216 Mass. 314. Hufnagle v. Delaware & Hudson Co. 227 Penn. St. 476. Kolodrianski v. American Locomotive Works, 29 R. I. 127. Evanston v. Gunn, 99 U. S. 660. So as to the records of a postmaster of the acts of himself or of his subordinates, required to be so done and recorded; Gurney v. Howe, 9 Gray, 404; and records required to be kept by towns and cities as to matters of public concern. Hanson v. South Scituate, 115 Mass. 336. Shutesbury v. Hadley, 133 Mass. 242. Pells v. Webquish, 129 Mass. 469. So acts of the Legislature or other public officers or of courts, which create a status or which establish or recognize a given state of affairs, in matters concerning the public and coming within their jurisdiction, are competent to prove what thus has been created or recognized. Whiton v. Albany City Ins. Co. 109 Mass. 24. Worcester v. Northborough, 140 Mass. 397. Commonwealth v. King, 150 Mass. 221.

There are decisions which hold that the verdict of a coroner’s-jury is competent evidence of the cause of the death in question before them, in a civil suit afterwards brought in which such cause is a material question. Prince of Wales Association v. Palmer, 25 Beav. 605. Walther v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. 65 Cal. 417. United States Life Ins. Co. v. Vocke, 129 Ill. 557. Pyle v. Pyle, 158 Ill. 289. Grand Lodge Independent Order of Mutual Aid v. Wieting, 168 Ill. 408. This has been put upon the ground that the inquest is a proceeding in which the public interest is concerned, which is held openly, and to which all persons can come and offer evidence, which is held by sworn officers under a binding duty, and the result of which may be regarded as one of those matters of public concern which share the nature of proceedings in rem. See Greenleaf on Evidence, §§ 550, 556. But even as to this question there has been much contrariety of decision. One of the most recent cases against such admissibility is Boehme v. Sovereign Camp Woodmen of the World, 98 Texas, 376. Many other decisions are collected in the note to that case, 4 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 1020, in which it is said that the weight of authority is that such evidence is incompetent.

But however that may be, the report of a medical examiner under our statutes stands upon a different footing. It is no part of Ms duty to ascertain and report the cause of death. He is to view the body, to examine it and make personal inquiry into the cause and manner of death. If he considers a further examination necessary, he is then, if authorized by certain public officers, to make an autopsy in the presence of two or more witnesses, and to record “every fact and circumstance tending to show the condition of the body and the cause and manner of death.” His duty to file a copy of Ms record is made dependent, not upon his finding or judicial ascertainment of the cause of death, but upon his mere opimon that the death was caused by violence. An inquest then is to be held by a judicial officer, from wMch all persons not required by law to be present are excluded. R. L. c. 24, §§ 9 et seq. Sts. 1909, c. 273, § 2; 1912, c. 443.

Under such a statutory system, we perceive no ground upon wMch the report of the medical examiner, or a duly authenticated copy thereof, can be admitted in evidence to show the truth of the matters therein stated or even to show that the death was caused by violence. We are aware of no decision in any jurisdiction wMch goes to such a length. The duty of the medical examiner is merely to ascertain and preserve certain evidence that it may be available if needed for future proceedings. The reasoning in Allen v. Kidd, 197 Mass. 256, is applicable; and the decisions in P. Garvan, Inc. v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, 210 Mass. 275, 279, Butchers Slaughtering & Melting Association v. Boston, 214 Mass. 254, 258, and Commonwealth v. Borasky, 214 Mass. 313, 317, state the rule which must be followed.

2. TMs report could not be admitted as being one of the grounds of Dr. WortMngton’s opimon, under the rule stated in such cases as Cronin v. Fitchburg & Leominster Street Railway, 181 Mass. 202. That rule does not allow a party, as a matter of right, to prove as the ground of an opimon facts in themselves incompetent. See the cases collected in Commonwealth v. Sinclair, 195 Mass. 100,108.

3. Dr. Magrath used Ms report only to refresh Ms memory therefrom. That did not give the plaintiff the right to put in the whole report; and it was better practice to allow the jury to hear only those parts of it which tended to vary or control the previous testimony of the witness. Grebenstein v. Stone & Webster Engineering Corp. 205 Mass. 431, 438. The ruling on this point did not infringe any rights of the plaintiff.

4. It was wholly immaterial whether Dr. Magrath had ever understood or claimed that violence was occasioned to the deceased from any other source than the defendant. The plaintiff’s question about this rightly was excluded.

5. It was for the judge at the trial to say as a matter of discretion whether Dr. Leary should be allowed in rebuttal to testify as to any connection between the injury to the intestate and her death. That was a part of the plaintiff’s case in chief. Mitchell v. Boston, 215 Mass. 150. No abuse of this discretion has been shown.

We find no error in any of the rulings excepted to, and the exceptions must be overruled.

So ordered.