Viola JERREL, Appellant, v. KENAI PENINSULA BOROUGH SCHOOL DISTRICT and Kenai Peninsula Borough, Appellees.
No. 2901.
Supreme Court of Alaska.
July 22, 1977.
Allen McGrath and John R. Snodgrass, Jr., Graham & James, Anchorage, for appellee Kenai Peninsula Borough School Dist.
Andrew R. Sarisky, Soldotna, for appellee Kenai Peninsula Borough.
Before BOOCHEVER, C. J., and RABINOWITZ, CONNOR, ERWIN and BURKE, JJ.
OPINION
BOOCHEVER, Chief Justice.
Viola Jerrel appeals from a superior court dismissal which denied her a trial de novo pursuant to
Ms. Jerrel had been an elementary school teacher in the Kenai Peninsula Borough School District for fifteen years. In the 1974-75 school year, Mr. Steven Hikel became principal of the East Homer Elementary School in which Ms. Jerrel taught. Mr. Hikel‘s evaluation led to a decision not to retain Ms. Jerrel as a teacher in the 1975-76 school year.2 Ms. Jerrel was given notification of nonretention by letter dated March 12, 1975, signed by Mr. John Hayward, Superintendent of Schools.3
Ms. Jerrel requested a public hearing before the School Board on her nonretention. The hearing was held April 14, 1975. Sworn evidence was received from several witnesses who were subject to cross-examination, and numerous exhibits were admitted. The four members present of the seven-person Board unanimously upheld the decision not to retain Ms. Jerrel. Their decision was based on the following grounds:
- Substantial noncompliance with the written rules of the Superintendent and his agent, the unit principal.
- Incompetency, the failure to perform customary teaching duties in a satisfactory manner.
Ms. Jerrel was informed of the Board‘s decision by letter dated April 17, 1975. The findings of fact and conclusions of law from the Board were sent to Ms. Jerrel later by letter dated May 30, 1975.
On August 15, 1975, Ms. Jerrel filed a complaint in superior court naming Kenai Peninsula Borough School District and Kenai Peninsula Borough as defendants. The complaint sought a trial de novo and injunctive relief prohibiting her nonretention pending the termination of the litigation. On September 24, the Borough filed a motion to dismiss the complaint because it was not timely filed and, insofar as the complaint pertained to the Borough, it failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. On September 30, the School District filed its answer, denying most of the allegations of the complaint and asserting three defenses, including a defense that the action was barred by
Under Civil Rule 77(c), a memorandum in opposition to the Borough‘s motion was required to be filed within ten days which would be by October 4. In mid-October, the attorneys for Ms. Jerrel and the Borough orally agreed that Ms. Jerrel would have additional time in which to file her opposition to the Borough‘s motion to dismiss. They did not name a specific date by which the opposition should be filed nor did they file anything in the court with respect to the extension, although Rule 77(c) provides that such stipulations are subject to approval of the court.
On December 10, 1975, not having been advised of any stipulation or opposition to the motion, the superior court entered a memorandum opinion dismissing Ms. Jerrel‘s appeal. The court noted that she had been “afforded basic and meaningful due process by the School Board hearing,” and that there was “no reason to grant the tardy appеal.” The court further noted that since no opposition had been filed to the motion to dismiss, Civil Rule 77(e)6 required “that nonopposition be taken as an admission that the motion is well taken.” On January 13, 1976, Ms. Jerrel filed a motion to reconsider this decision. In the memorandum in support of this motion, counsel explained that both parties had agreed to an extension of time in which to file the opposition. He stated further that:
[Ms. Jerrel] is not asking for the court to reconsider its opinion based upon a full consideration of the merits by the court, but simply upon the sua sponte decision based on the plaintiff‘s failure to file an opposition to the defendant, Kenai Peninsula Borough‘s motion to dismiss.
On February 24, 1976, the superior court entered an order denying Ms. Jerrel‘s motion for reconsideration. The court termed the delay in responding “gross” and, despite the oral noncommunicated stipulation extending the time in which to file opposition, found Rule 77(e) controlling. The court further found that:
A far more serious obstacle to plaintiff‘s motion is her total failure to demonstrate any justification for the tardy appeal. . . . [T]imeliness is more critical in an appeal of this nature than in most other cases.
Ms. Jerrel appeals from these decisions.
FAILURE TO FILE TIMELY OPPOSITION
In her first specification of error, Ms. Jerrel contends that the denial of her motion to reconsider constituted an abuse of the superior court‘s discretion. Despite the labelling of the motion,7 it is proper to treat the motion as a request for relief pursuant to Civil Rule 60(b).8 The motion was based on excusable neglect in failing to file an opposition to the Borough‘s motion to dismiss. The claimed excusable neglect stemmed from the stipulation between the parties relating to the time extension. Counsel for Ms. Jerrel did not notify the court about this stipulation until January 13, 1976, when the motion to reconsider was filed. When the court is presented with a motion which, in effect, is a request to present a filing long overdue, the showing of excusable neglect is necessarily a heavy one.9
Ms. Jerrel urges us to adopt a rule from other jurisdictions to the effect that a stipulation signed by both parties is binding on the court. We reject this argument and find Civil Rule 77(c), in effect at the time of the litigation, dispositive. That rule provides that the opposition to a motion was to be filed within fifteen days after the party was served with a copy of the motion:
. . . unless otherwise ordered by the court or otherwise stipulated in writing by the parties, subject to the approval of the court. (emphasis added)
It is clear from the wording of the rule that the superior court had the power to approve or disapprove of the written stipulation. By the provisions of the rule, the court is a necessary participant in time extensions. In this case, the superior court was not made aware of the stipulation until approximately three months after the opposition was due, and by that time, the court‘s ruling on the motion was over one month old.
With the volume of cases confronting our courts, judges must have control over calendaring. If counsel may at will agree to extensions of time, control over this important function is lost. Without prompt handling of litigation, valuable rights of parties may be lost. It is a truism that justice delayed is justice lost.
Nevertheless, there must be a balance between requirements of efficiency and the dictates of justice in an individual case. It is for that reason that Civil Rule
Under these circumstances, we hold that it was not an abuse of discretion to disapprove the stipulation. To hold otherwise would elevate stipulations beyond the role designated by our decisions.12
THE TIMELINESS OF THE APPEAL
In her second specification of error, Ms. Jerrel argues that the superior court erred in granting the Borough‘s motion to dismiss for failing to file a timely appeal. We note that an appeal from the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion does not bring the merits of the case before this court.13 Here, however, the superior court reviewed the merits of the dismissal in deciding the motion for reconsideration. For this reason and because of the merits bearing on the question of whether the rulеs should be relaxed, we will fully review the trial court‘s decision.
Regarding the merits, Ms. Jerrel has argued six bases on which we could find that the dismissal was erroneous. We find that only two of these bases are worthy of extended treatment.14
The first argument asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by not finding excusable neglect for the late filing of Ms. Jerrel‘s appeal in the superior court. Although it is agreed that Ms. Jerrel‘s appeal was not timely filed in thirty days, the parties do not agree as to when the appeal should have been filed. The School Board
In light of the provision in
The parties also differ as to the standard of exсusable neglect to be applied in this case. The School District contends that since Appellate Rule 45 makes reference to Appellate Rule 7 for various procedural matters and does not itself contain any provisions for delayed appeals, the standard of Appellate Rule 7(a)15 should govern. Ms. Jerrel urges the standard of Civil Rule 60(b).
Inasmuch as Appellate Rule 45 generally looks to the Appellate Rules for procedure rather than to the Civil Rules, we hold that the standard of excusable neglect in Appellate Rule 7(a) governs in appeals brought under Appellate Rule 45. The court has strictly interpreted that standard, which is based on the failure of a party to learn of the entry of the judgment.16 Since there is no question in this case that Ms. Jerrel received notification of the judgment by June 6, 1975, the standard of Appellate Rule 7(a) is not met.17
Ms. Jerrel‘s second argument that the dismissal was erroneous is based on her contention that in this case, the trial court abused its discretion because it did not “relax” the thirty-day time limit. In Cook v. Aurora Motors, Inc., 503 P.2d 1046, 1049 (Alaska 1972), we set forth the considerations that should be balanced in determining whether the rules should be relaxed. They are the right to appellate review, the willfulness and еxtent of the rules violation and the possible injustice that might result from dismissal. Quoting Orbeck v. Wheeler Construction Co., 394 P.2d 781, 782-83 (Alaska 1964), we stated:
This court is not inclined to cut off rights of appellate review because of some failure on the part of the litigant to comply with the rules, if to do so would work surprise or injustice or would result in countenancing plain error apparent on the face of the record. However, we must also remain mindful of the fact that the rules are designed to facilitate business and to assure an orderly procedure on appellate review and should therefore be enforced by this court.
Looking to the facts of this case, we note that the balance is a difficult and close one. In the case at bar, the right to appellate review is of great importance. The decision not to retain a tenured teacher may have an enormous impact on that teacher‘s career. This consideration must have weighed heavily in the minds of the legislature when they granted the unusual right to trial de novo. There is no question that a judicial body, often further removed from the political pressures involved in a teacher nonretention dispute, will provide a more objective perspective of the proceedings. We recognize that relaxation of the rules in this setting may be more liberally applied than in an appeal where the judiciary has already made a determination.
The trial judge in his discretion might still have waived the rules and permitted the late filing. Here, however, Ms. Jerrel had original notification of her need to appeal on April 18. We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in not waiving the rules to permit the filing of appeal on August 15.
It is not clear on the face of the record that an injustice will be done if the rules are not relaxed. The decision not to retain Ms. Jerrel and the underlying findings of fact were the result of the unanimous decision of a quorum of the Board. Ms. Jerrel was afforded the right to call witnesses and to cross-examine those who testified against her.
Furthermore, we cannot ignore the practical concerns of the School Board in achieving finality of judgment in order to effectively plan future hiring. School districts such as that of Kenai operate on limited budgets. Prompt decisions on whether a teacher is to be retained are of considerable importance in determining the personnel to be hired for the ensuing school years.
Given all of the above, we must conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to relax the thirty-day time limit. We recognize the importance of appellate review of nonretention decisions and, in general, we think that it is preferable for the superior court to take action which will preserve that right. In this case the equities on both sides are significant and the balance difficult. Were we to sit as the trier of fact, wе might not have come to the same conclusion as the trial court. Nevertheless, under established appellate principles, our rule on review does not permit us to ignore the trial court‘s conclusion or its exercise of discretionary powers, absent an abuse of that discretion. For us to reweigh the facts and equities and then substitute our judgment where there is no abuse of discretion, would abrogate the distinction between the functions of an appellate court and a trial court. We therefore must affirm the trial court‘s dismissal.19
The trial court‘s judgment is accordingly AFFIRMED.
I must dissent from the court‘s affirmance оf the superior court‘s dismissal of Viola Jerrel‘s appeal from the Kenai Peninsula Borough School District‘s upholding of her nonretention as a tenured teacher. Regarding tenured teachers,
If a school board reaches a decision unfavorable to a teacher, the teacher is entitled to a de novo trial in the superior court.
Concerning appeals to the superior court from an unfavorable decision of the school board, Appellate Rule 45(a)(2) stipulates:
The time within which an appeal may be taken to the superior court from an administrative agency shall be 30 days from the date that the order appealed from is mailed or delivered to the appellant.
Under the particular factual circumstance of the case at bar, I am persuaded that it was error for the superior court to have failed to relax the 30-day time limitation for such appeals under the authority granted Alaska‘s trial courts by Civil Rule 941 and Appellate Rule 45(j).2 Civil Rule 94 provides:
These rules are designed to facilitate business and to advance justice. They may be relaxed or dispensed with by the court in any case where it shall be manifest to the court that a strict adherence to them will work injustice.
Simply рut, it is manifest that disallowance of Ms. Jerrel‘s appeal will result in an injustice to her.
Here we have a case where appellant had been teaching for a period of 15 years, had attained tenure, and as recently as the school year prior to her nonretention had received an excellent evaluation as a teacher from her then principal. Despite the fact that she was notified on April 18, 1975, that she would not be retained, she was also informed that the Kenai Peninsula Borough School Board would render its final decision with specific findings of fact and conclusions of law in the near future.3 Ms. Jerrel did not receive the Board‘s Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Decision until June 6, 1975. Thus, I conclude that the time for appeal did not commence to run until June 6, 1975. I think it of some significance that none of these aforementioned documents advised Ms. Jerrel that she had only 30 days in which to appeal the Board‘s decision to the superior court.4
It is also of significance that the record shows that prior to June, Ms. Jerrel became
Given the importance of Ms. Jerrel‘s interests which are at stake in this matter and the fact that the legislature saw fit to give tenured teachers the right to a de novo trial in the superior court in the event the school board reaches a decision unfavorable to the teacher, I believe that the factual context of this record mandated that the superior court relax the time limit for appeal in recognition of the importance of appellate review of nonretention decisions. In Cook v. Aurora Motors, Inc., 503 P.2d 1046, 1049-50 (Alaska 1972), this court stated:
In examining the circumstances of this case, the lower court should balance the right to appellate review, the willfulness and extent of the rules violation, and the possible injustice that might result from dismissal. Depending on its findings, the court could then either relax the rules and allow the appeal, dismiss the appeal for noncompliance with the rules, or allow the appeal but assess costs or attorney‘s fees as a penalty for the rules infraction in order to discourage similar future conduct, pursuant to Civil Rule 95. (footnotes omitted)
In the instant case, application of the Cook balancing analysis indicates that the superior court erred in failing to relax the 30-day time limitation found in Appellate Rule 45(a)(2). On the one hand, we have to weigh a specific legislative grant of appеal by trial de novo in the superior court from a school board decision unfavorable to a tenured teacher and the profound impact the school board‘s nonretention decision will have on Ms. Jerrel‘s teaching career. Balanced against these considerations, one finds in the record a rather insignificant delay in appealing the matter to the superior court and an absence of any indication that Ms. Jerrel wilfully violated the 30-day time limitation of Appellate Rule 45(a)(2).5
For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the superior court and permit Ms. Jerrel to obtain judiсial review of the school board‘s decision not to retain her.
Notes
If a school board reaches a decision unfavorable to a teacher, the teacher is entitled to a de novo trial in the superior court. However, a teacher who has not attained tenure rights is not entitled to judicial review according to this section.
Compare Appellate Rule 46 which reads:These rules are designed to facilitate business and advance justice. They may be relaxed or dispensed with by this court where strict adherence to them will work surprise or injustice.
In McCarrey v. Commissioner of Natural Resources, 526 P.2d 1353, 1355 (Alaska 1974), we held that the failure to file an appeal from an administrative determination within strict time limitations does not create a jurisdictional defect. There we noted, “[c]ourts in Alaska have authority to relax the strict requirements of the rules in order to avoid surprise or a serious miscarriage of justice, or otherwise in aid of their appellate jurisdiction.” (footnotes omitted)
After notice of appeal to the superior court has been given, the superior court shall have power to make such orders as are necessary and proper to aid its appellate jurisdiction.
See McCarrey v. Commissioner of Natural Resources, 526 P.2d 1353, 1355 n. 12 for a discussion of the appropriateness of the superior court‘s use of Appellate Rule 45(j) to extend the time for the filing of an appeal from an administrative agency decision.
An employer shall include in a notification of nonretention . . . of a tenure teacher, a statement of cause and a complete bill of particulars.
A teacher whо has acquired tenure rights is subject to nonretention for the following school year only for the following causes:
(1) incompetency, which is defined as the inability or the unintentional or intentional failure to perform the teacher‘s customary teaching duties in a satisfactory manner;
(2) immorality, which is defined as the commission of an act which, under the laws of the state, constitutes a crime involving moral turpitude;
(3) substantial noncompliance with the school laws of the state, the regulations or bylaws of the department, the bylaws of the district, or the written rules of the superintendent; or
(4) a necessary reduction оf staff occasioned by a decrease in school attendance.
Judicial review by the superior court of a final administrative order may be had by filing a notice of appeal in accordance with the applicable rules of court governing appeals in civil matters. Except as otherwise provided in this section, the notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days after the last day on which reconsideration can be ordered, and served on each party to the proceeding. The right to appeal is not affected by the failure to seek reconsideration before the agency.
In her reply brief the following assertions are made:During this period of time Mrs. Jerrel was not made aware she must file a notice of appeal with the court within a certain time period, and swears she would have had she known. Her prior counsel evidently failed to inform her of the existence of a time requirement, simply informing her instead that she must wait for the final decision of the school board.
The time within which an appeal may be taken to the superior court from an administrative agency shall be 30 days from the date that the order appealed from is mailed or delivered to the appellant. If a request for agency reconsideration is timely filed before the agency, the notice of appeal must be filed within 30 days after the agency‘s reconsideration decision.
In Wagle v. Murray, 546 F.2d 1329 (9th Cir. 1976), a teacher nonretention case brought pursuant toFailure to file briefs within the time prescribed or within any extension of time granted by order of the court, shall subject such motions to summary ruling by the court sua sponte, or when brought to the court‘s attention by opposing counsel. Failure to file a brief by the moving party shall be deemed an admission that, in the opinion of counsel, the motion is without merit. Failure to file a brief by the adverse party shall be deemed an admission that, in the opinion of counsel, the motion is well taken.
On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons:
(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect;
. . .
(6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.
Relaxation of Rules.
These rules are designed to facilitate business and advance justice. They may be relaxed or dispensed with by the court in any case where it shall be manifest to the court that a strict adherence to them will work injustice.
Construction.
These rules are designed to facilitate business and advance justice. They may be relaxed or dispensed with by this court where a strict adherence to them will work surprise or injustice.
We have long recognized that there are limits to the right of the parties to enter into stipulations, even with the trial court‘s acquiescence. (footnote omitted)
Harris v. Morris, 531 P.2d 517, 519 (Alaska 1975). In Thomson v. Wheeler Constr. Co., 385 P.2d 111, 115 (Alaska 1963), we refused to approve the stipulation of the parties relating to evidence objections. We stated:These rules [of practice and procedure] may not be stipulated away or nullified by any agreement between the parties to litigation . . . .
However, when a clear right is abridged in the underlying decision, we may choose to review the merits. See Schandelmeier v. Winchester Western, 520 P.2d 70 (Alaska 1974).
Due to our disposition of the timeliness issue, it is unnecessary for us to consider whether the Borough was a proper party defendant.
Ms. Jerrel also claims that the dismissal should be looked on with disfavor because it denied her the right to de novo judicial review pursuant to
One does not have to be an attorney to know that when a case is dismissed it will not be tried. And yet, it was a year later before Ms. Corso sought relief from the dismissal under Rule 60(b).