Lead Opinion
Dеfendants John Blankenship, Willis Sargent, and Larry Fiedorowicz, employees of the Arkansas Department of Correction, appeal from the judgment of the District Court in favor of plaintiff Jeremy Kennedy in this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights action. Because we conclude that Kennedy’s due process rights were not violated, we reverse.
On February 21,1993, Kennedy, an inmate of the Cummins Unit of the Arkansas Department of Correction, hurt his ankle while engaged in horseplay in his cell. Early on the morning of February 22, Kennedy had his ankle éxamined by medical personnel, who did not provide him with a medical excuse from work duty. . When Kennedy did not report for work later that morning, a guard cited him (“issued a major disciplinary against him,” in prison parlance) for refusing to report to work and for failing to obey a direct order.
On February 24, defendant Blankenship chaired a disciplinary hearing to consider the charges against Kennedy. In response to a question from Blankenship, Kennedy stated that he had not been to sick call on the morning he refused to report to work. Blankenship found Kennedy guilty of violating prison rules and sentenced him to thirty days in “punitive isolation,” a stricter form of custody than the “administrative' segregation” status Kennedy had at the time. Kennedy appealed to defendant Sargent, the warden of the prison, and to defendant Fie-dorowicz, the disciplinary hearing administrator of the Department, and each affirmed Blаnkenship’s decision.
Kennedy filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action in district court on April 26, 1993, claiming that defendants had violated his constitutional right to due process. In particular, Kennedy claimed that an administrative regulation of the Department required Blankenship, the hearing officer, to contact medical personnel to determine whether Kennedy was too ill to report to work.
On appeal, defendants challenge only the District Court’s application of the law to thе facts. Our review, therefore, is de novo. See Falls v. Nesbitt,
In Sandin, the Supreme Court retreated from a line of cases in which it had examined prison regulations in detail to determine whether the regulations creatеd constitutionally protected liberty interests by the use of “‘language of an unmistakably mandatory character’ such that the incursion on liberty would not occur ‘absent specified substantive prediсates.’” Sandin, — U.S. at -,
[W]e recognize that States may under certain circumstances create liberty interests which are protected by the Due Process Clause. But these interests will be generally limited to freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force, nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.
Id. at —,
Sandin and our subsequent cases lead us to the conclusion that Kennedy’s demotion from administrative segregation to punitive isolation is not the sort of deprivation that qualifies as “atypical and significant.” We note first that the Hаwaii inmate in Sandin was moved from administrative segregation to “disciplinary segregation” for 30 days, much like Kennedy was in this case. Id. at - & n. 2,
The District Court distinguished Sandin because the only apparent difference between the two custody levels in Sandin was “one extra phоne call and one extra visiting privilege.” Id. at - n. 2,
Even if the deprivation in this ease were atypical and significant, however, we would agree with defendants that reversal is still required. In essence, Kennedy claims a federаl constitutional liberty interest in having state officers follow state law. But in making this claim, Kennedy misinterprets the nature of procedural due process. If Kennedy has a liberty interest,- it is an interest in the nature of his confinement, not an interest in the procedures by which the state believes it can best determine how he should be confined. See Olim v. Wakinekona,
Kennedy does not argue that the Due Process Clause itself creates a liberty interest in this case, that is, that punitive isolation is beyond “the normal limits or range of custody which the conviction has authorized the State to impose.” Meachum v. Fano,
We note, as mentioned earlier in this opinion, that at Kennedy’s disciplinary hearing Blankenship asked Kennedy whether he had been to sick call on the morning in question. Kennedy’s answer, that he had not, appeared to eliminate any need for contacting the unit health staff, and there was evidence supporting thе decision to impose discipline. Clearly, Kennedy received all the process he was due under Wolff v. McDonnell,
Accordingly, the judgment of the District Court is reversed, and the ease is remanded with instructions to enter judgment in favor of defendants.
Notes
. The regulatiоn states that “whenever a charged inmate’s defense is illness, the unit health staff must be contacted to determine whether the inmate was examined for a complaint of illness and whether, in the opinion of the person or persons who. examined the inmate, the inmate was feigning illness or not sufficiently ill to justify the rule violation.” Appellants' App. at 63. If a statement from the health staff is not included in thе hearing officer’s decision, “the disciplinary action will be deemed invalid and expunged from the inmate’s records.” Id. It is undisputed that Blankenship did not contact the health staff, presumably becausе Kennedy stated at the hearing that -he had not sought medical attention on February 22.
. According to the Magistrate Judge’s findings, the primaiy difference between administrative segregation and punitive isolation in Arkansas is the privilege of working and the accompanying good time credits. Administrative segregation inmates who work are also entitled to a shower and a change of clothing on days thаt they work. Despite the implication of the term "isolation,” inmates in punitive isolation are housed in two- or four-man cells, while all administrative segregation inmates live in two-man cells. (In contrast, thе inmate in Sandin was apparently in solitary confinement.) Inmates in punitive isolation also face restrictions on mail and telephone privileges (privileged mail and emergency calls only), visitаtion privileges (the inmate’s attorney only, rather than biweekly general visitation), commissary privileges, and personal possessions (legal materials, a religious text, soap, toothbrush, toothpaste, washcloth, and toilet paper only). Thus, although prisoners in Arkansas apparently refer to punitive isolation as "the hole,” it is abundantly clear that that description is a significant exaggeration of actual conditions.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring separately.
I concur separately on the basis that the prisoner, Jeremy Kennedy, received due process.
I would not reach the Sandin issue in this case.