170 N.W.2d 836 | Mich. | 1969
JENSEN
v.
MENOMINEE CIRCUIT JUDGE.
Supreme Court of Michigan.
Eugene Arthur Jensen, in propria persona.
Russell W. Bradley, Prosecuting Attorney, for defendant Menominee circuit judge.
T.E. BRENNAN, C.J.
THE CASE.
This case involves the appointment of counsel for an indigent convict to assist him in the preparation of an application for leave to appeal.
*538 The facts are these. Eugene Arthur Jensen was arrested on January 18, 1961, in Wausaukee, Wisconsin, and taken to the Marinette county jail. On the following day, he waived extradition and was turned over to the Menominee county sheriff.
A complaint was filed and warrant issued on January 20th, charging that on the day before his arrest, Jensen, who was 28 years of age, had committed an assault on a 14-year-old girl, with intent to rape her.[1] A second count charged Jensen with taking indecent liberties with the girl.[2]
On the 23d of January, 1961, Jensen was brought before the appellant circuit judge and arraigned upon an information containing the same charges as the warrant. The prosecutor read the information to Jensen. He read it again for himself.
The circuit judge advised Jensen of his right to counsel, at public expense if necessary. Jensen said he did not want an attorney. The judge explained the difference between the two counts charged in the information. Jensen pled not guilty to the charge of attempted rape, and guilty to the charge of taking indecent liberties.
The judge explained the charge of indecent liberties in common terms, twice told the accused that the crime carries a maximum penalty of 10 years, and carefully interrogated him upon the voluntariness of his plea.
Finally, the plea was accepted, and after receiving a presentence report, the court sentenced Jensen on February 10, 1961. The sentence was imprisonment for not less than 3 nor more than 10 years.
The conviction was not appealed, and Jensen was confined in accordance with the judgment of the court.
*539 PHASE TWO.
In June of 1967, more than three years after the expiration of his minimum sentence, Jensen was still confined at Marquette. He then filed a request for the appointment of appellate counsel, requesting that a transcript of his arraignment and plea be provided to him at public expense.
The transcript was provided, and on June 8, 1967, appellant circuit judge appointed appellate counsel for Jensen.
At this point, matters took a novel turn. On June 8, 1967, the day of the appointment of Jensen's appellate counsel, the Supreme Court repealed all of the amendments to GCR 1963, 785, and reinstated the rule as it was originally promulgated in 1963.[3]
Repealed was that provision of Rule 785 (GCR 1963, 785.4[2]) which provided for the appointment of appellate counsel for postconviction proceedings on behalf of indigent persons convicted and sentenced prior to August 1, 1964.[4]
Appellant circuit judge thereupon, on July 27, 1967, revoked the appointment of Jensen's appellate counsel. No application for leave to take delayed appeal was ever filed on appellee's behalf.
Jensen then sought and received from the Court of Appeals, an order of superintending control, directing the circuit judge to reinstate the appointment of counsel. We granted leave to review that order, upon application of the circuit judge.
THE ISSUES.
First: Whether an indigent defendant, convicted prior to 1963 has a right to the appointment of counsel *540 for the purpose of preparing and filing an application to take a delayed appeal.
Second: Whether upon all the circumstances of this case, there was an abuse of the trial court's discretion in revoking the appointment of counsel.
THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL.
By the laws of Michigan and the Constitution of the United States, an indigent accused of a crime has a right to be provided counsel at public expense to assist in his defense.[5]
Where the Constitution or statutes of a State grant to a convicted person a right to appeal, or to pursue some other postconviction remedy on the merits, the United States Supreme Court has held that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection requires the appointment of counsel for indigents.[6]
Prior to the Constitution of 1963, the conviction of a criminal offense in Michigan carried no right of appeal. Since that time, persons convicted of crimes have a right to take a timely appeal, and, where the assistance of counsel is necessary, counsel are appointed.[7]
But the 1963 constitutional right of appeal in criminal cases is not retroactive. Persons convicted *541 prior to 1964, have no right of appeal. They are free to make application for leave to appeal. Such an application addresses itself to the discretion of the reviewing court.
Courts are without power to prevent convicts from asking for review of their convictions. Their freedom to ask to be heard is allied to freedom of speech and the right to petition for redress of grievances.
But freedom of speech does not require equality of forum, or of the means of communication. The right to petition for redress of grievances may be exercised grandly or humbly as the means of the petitioner, the popularity of his cause, or the dedication of his adherents may permit. Appeals may be sought from interlocutory orders, delayed appeals and delayed motions may be urged, State and Federal habeas corpus applied for, certiorari asked, and countless stays requested.
Equality of presentation is not the measure of equal consideration. Not infrequently, the most humble petition has the greatest appeal to grace. Too often, the multiple pleas of the rich are spurious.
When leave to appeal is granted, of course, the assistance of counsel is desirable and should be supplied at public expense where necessary. And certainly nothing said here should suggest that the Court does not have the power to appoint counsel to assist in the preparation of a formal application for leave to appeal, where it is convinced of probable merit, and desires a more orderly presentation.
But there is no right to counsel at public expense for indigents who seek leave to appeal.
ABUSE OF DISCRETION.
A review of the transcript in this case satisfies us that the defendant was fairly convicted upon a *542 voluntary plea of guilty. There is nothing in the record suggesting any miscarriage of justice or denial of fundamental rights.
Under these circumstances there was no abuse of the trial court's discretion in revoking the appointment of appellate counsel.
The order of the Court of Appeals, directing the circuit judge to vacate his order revoking the appointment of appellate counsel is vacated and set aside. No costs.
DETHMERS and KELLY, JJ., concurred with T.E. BRENNAN, C.J.
BLACK and ADAMS, JJ., concurred in the result.
T.M. KAVANAGH, J. (concurring in result).
I concur in the result because the trial court is merely following the policy adopted by this Court implicit in the repeal of GCR 1963, 785.4.
However, the same judicial attitude which moved me to concur in People v. Mallory (1967), 378 Mich. 538, and which I expressed in In re Hoffman (1969), 382 Mich. 66, compels me to express my continuing dissatisfaction to the repealing of GCR 1963, 785.4.
We are not here concerned with a legalistic paradox i.e., whether a discretionary leave to appeal can ever constitute a permanent substantive right but rather whether we shall liberally or strictly construe the term "equal protection." In my opinion, the term "equal" means just what it says in the area of judicial review; and what one man can afford to buy by his wealth cannot be denied to another simply by virtue of his poverty. Judicial concern with and vigilance against spurious appeals by the popular or powerful defendant, which clog the wheels of justice, are no justification for completely *543 stopping the judicial machine where the appellant is indigent.
I have always considered GCR 1963, 785.4(2) to be not only desirable, but also legally necessary to the administration of even-handed justice to both rich and poor alike.
Although I must recognize the fact that GCR 1963, 785.4, has been repealed by order of this Court, I cannot subscribe to the policy underlying the repealer and, as manifested by this case, its attendant consequences. Therefore, I concur in the result only.
T.G. KAVANAGH, J., did not sit.
NOTES
[1] CLS 1961, § 750.85 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.280). REPORTER.
[2] CLS 1961, § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). REPORTER.
[3] 379 Mich. xxx.
[4] The repealer resolution (379 Mich. xxx, xxxi), provided:
"The various amendments of GCR 1963, 785, adopted since January 1, 1963, are repealed effective instanter. * * *
"It is ordered that all amendments of GCR 1963, 785, adopted since January 1, 1963, be and the same are repealed effective this date."
[5] US Const, Ams 6, 14; Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), 372 U.S. 335 (83 S. Ct. 792, 9 L. Ed. 2d 799, 93 ALR2d 733); Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), 378 U.S. 478 (84 S. Ct. 1758, 12 L. Ed. 2d 977); Pointer v. Texas (1965), 380 U.S. 400 (85 S. Ct. 1065, 13 L. Ed. 2d 923); Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436 (86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 10 A.L.R. 3d 974); Mempa v. Rhay (1967), 389 U.S. 128 (88 S. Ct. 254, 19 L. Ed. 2d 336); Const 1963, art 1, § 20; MCLA § 775.16 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 28.1253); GCR 1963, 785.3(1).
[6] Anders v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 738 (87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493), rehearing denied 388 U.S. 924 (87 S. Ct. 2094, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1377).
[7] Const 1963, art 1, § 20; In re Districting for Court of Appeals (1964), 372 Mich. 227.