275 P. 136 | Kan. | 1929
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This action was brought by Sarah Jenkins against the Kansas City Public Service Company to recover damages sustained by her while alighting from a street car of the defendant. It is alleged that the injury sustained was due to the negligence of defendant in maintaining a defective floor of the vestibule of the car in which her heel caught and caused her to fall out of the front door upon the pavement, resulting in severe and permanent injuries. She recovered a judgment for $2,250, from which defendant appeals.
Two grounds of error are presented, one of which is that judgment for defendant should have been given upon the special findings. The jury found the defendant negligent in maintaining a defective platform or vestibule floor, that the heel of plaintiff’s shoe caught in the defective flooring; but it also found that the defect in the floor was visible and that the plaintiff did not look at the floor of the vestibule as she stepped therein or prior to walking thereon, and so it is argued that this nullifies the finding of negligence and that plaintiff’s own negligence in failing to look should be held to be the proximate cause of the injury. Attention is called to the fact that contributory negligence was not pleaded by the defendant, and that the answer was a general denial only.
Defendant contends that while it was bound to exercise the highest degree of care as to passengers, yet the passenger was also bound to exercise reasonable care for her own Safety. If contributory negligence was relied on as a defense it should have been pleaded in the answer. It has been decided that contributory negligence is an affirmative defense which must be alleged and proven by the party relying on it. (K. P. Rly. Co. v. Pointer, 14 Kan. 37, 50; K. C. L. & S. Rld. Co. v. Phillibert, 25 Kan. 582; St. L. & S. F. Rly. Co. v. Weaver, 35 Kan. 412, 11 Pac. 408; Railway Co. v. Peck, 79 Kan. 413, 100 Pac. 54; Altwein v. Street Railway Co., 86 Kan. 220, 120 Pac. 550.) Under the general denial the defendant could introduce evidence to controvert that offered by plaintiff to the effect
Complaint is made of instructions given by the court. In one the court said:
“Even though you may find from the evidence that plaintiff fell, while attempting to leave the car in question, and was injured by the fall, yet it is not sufficient to entitle her to recover unless it is further proven by the preponderance of the evidence that the proximate cause of such fall was the negligence of the defendant, substantially as alleged in plaintiff’s petition; and if you find from the evidence that the sole proximate cause of such fall was something other than such negligence of the defendant, your verdict will be for the defendant, regardless of what such other cause may have been, or what the extent of her injuries may be.”
This was followed by instruction six, in which the court stated:
“If you find from the evidence that the plaintiff was guilty of negligence, that is, of a failure to exercise ordinary care and prudence such as would reasonably be expected of a reasonably prudent and careful person under the same circumstances, and that such negligence on her part was the sole proximate cause of her injuries, you will find for the defendant.”
In earlier instructions the court had told the jury that the burden of proof was on the plaintiff to prove that the defendant was negligent as she had alleged and that such negligence was the proximate cause of the injury, and that unless she had proven these allegations the verdict must be for defendant. There was a further instruction that if plaintiff had failed to use reasonable care for her own safety she could not recover. Defendant argues that the use of the term sole proximate cause in the sixth instruction was erroneous. Contributory negligence of a plaintiff is defined as that negligence which concurs or cooperates with that of the defendant and presupposes negligence on the part of defendant. (Ross v. Railroad Co., 93 Kan. 517, 144 Pac. 844.) It is argued that the use of the word “sole” in effect advised the jury that it could not find for the defendant unless it found that the defendant was entirely free from negligence. The word should not have been used in the connection in which it was used, but we think it is clear from- the evidence and the other instructions that the jury could not have been misled nor the de
Finding no substantial error in the record, the order must be and is an affirmance of the judgment.