AMENDED OPINION
This diversity wrongful-death action was originally filed in state court against two defendants, only one of whom had been served when the case was removed to federal court. The district court remanded, after finding lack of proof of complete diversity. When the case was removed a second time by the previously unserved defendant, however, the district court denied the plaintiffs renewed motion to remand, finding complete diversity and concluding that the one-year time limitation on removal of diversity cases contained in 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) was inapplicable. On the merits, thе district court then granted the defendants’ motions for summary judg *529 ment, holding that the plaintiff does not meet any of the exceptions to the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act that would permit the filing of an independent wrongful death action. Finding no error, we affirm.
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Paul Brierly was killed in an explosion at the Alusuisse Flexible Packaging plant on August 30,1993. Electing to forego the decedent’s statutory right to workers’ compensation benefits, Brierly’s estate instead filed this wrongful death action in state court, alleging that Alusuisse “deliberately intended” to kill Brierly, which, if proven, would exempt him from the exclusive remedy provisions of the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act.
At the time of his death, Brierly was a co-op student attending Shelby County Vocational School and was working with Alusuisse under the supervision of David Ellison, among others. Alusuisse manufactures materials for packaging and labeling foods and pharmaceutical medicines. The printing press components used to produce the labels gradually develop a buildup of ink and adhesive materials, and the workers eliminate the buildup by disassembling the components and running them through a “large-parts washing machine.” Thе washing machine was similar to a dishwasher, but the solvent cleaning solutions used had low flash points and were highly flammable.
The parties do not disagree about the events leading up to the accident that took Brierly’s life. On Friday, August 27, 1993 — three days before the accident — the seal on the main pump of the parts washing machine broke, allowing the flammable solvent solution to leak during operation of the machine. The employee who was operating the machine when the leak developed shut the washer down, notified Alusuisse’s maintenance departmеnt, and reported the problem to his supervisor. The maintenance department made plans to remove the pump on the following Monday.
The district court found that the following precautions were taken to minimize the possibility that the removal of the pump would generate sparks and thus create a fire hazard:
(1) the electricity to the machine was locked out and tagged out; (2) the washing machine and solvent supply reservoir were drained of solvent; (3) the pit below the washer was ventilated with a compressed air hose over the course of the entire weekend to purge any accumulated fumes from underneath the machine; (4) the washing machine door was left open Friday evening so that the interior of the machine could be aired out over the weekend; (5) and a special floor-level ventilation system was left running during the weekend to help purge the room of fumes.
Before the pump was replaced and welding begun, Alusuisse took additional safety measures: “(1) water was placed in the pit below the machine so as to prevent sparks from igniting any dried solvent residue left behind from the leaking pump; and (2) welding blankets were placed on and around the filter basket housing and parts washing machine.”
Dave Ellison, Alusuisse’s corporate safety director, made two trips to the parts washing room on Monday. On his second trip to the washing room, Terry Lingle, the employee responsible for overseeing operation of the parts washing room, expressed concern that about the possibility that sparks created during the welding process could ignite a fire. However, both Ellison and Gary Wordlow, the maintenance supervisor, reassured Linglе about the many precautions that had been taken. Wordlow even volunteered to do the welding himself, but maintenance lead-man Reinhold Ritzi decided that he would do the welding because he had more experience than Wordlow. Subsequently, Elli *530 son and Wordlow gave their final approval for the welding.
Wordlow, Ellison, and Ritzi apparently-believed that the parts washing room had been monitored with the “LEL” meter, a device which is used to measure the “lowest explosive limit” of solvent vapor in an area before a flammable source is introduced. In the wake of the explosion, however, it was discovered thаt the LEL meter had not been used. Each of the men involved stated that they had assumed that one of the others had obtained the readings.
A “fire watch” crew was assembled before Ritzi began the welding. Wordlow and other maintenance crew members— including Brierly — -stood by with fire extinguishers watching for stray sparks that could ignite a fire. Brierly, the least experienced member of the crew, was almost 12 feet away from the welding site, further away than any of the other crew members.
As Ritzi prepared to weld the filter basket cover, a spark ignited undetected residual solvent fumes inside the parts washing machine, causing an explosion. The explosion blew off the steel door on the opposite end of the parts washing machine, and the door struck Brierly, resulting in his death. Wordlow, Ritzi, and one other worker also suffered injuries as a result of the incident.
Several state and local administrative agencies investigated the explosion, including the Kentucky Labor Cabinet, the Kentucky Fire Marshal’s office, and the Environmental Protection Agency. The Kentucky Labor Cabinet issued a citation to Alusuisse and assessed a $24,500 civil penalty based on the insufficiency of the precautions taken the day of the accident and the inadequate training of some of the workers in first aid and use of fire extinguishers. The Kentucky Fire Marshal’s office concluded that the explosion was accidental.
After a coroner’s inquest, the coroner’s jury found that Alusuisse “deliberately placed [Brierly] and other employees in a known, unsafe and hazardous position” and recommended that the case be submitted to the Shelby County grand jury. On June 20, 1994, the grand jury indicted Alusuisse for reckless homicide under KRS 507.050, a class D felony. The indictment alleged that Alusuisse “committed the offense of reckless homicide when it recklessly caused the death of Paul D. Brierly by failing to perceive the substantial and unjustifiable risk of explosion which constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe in the situation as it then existed.”
Brierly’s administrator filed this tort action on his behalf in the Shelby County Circuit Court on May 12, 1994, naming Alusuisse and David Ellison as defendants. On June 8, 1994, within 30 days of being served with the complaint, Alusuisse removed the state court action to federal district court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. On March 30, 1995, the district court remanded the action to the Shelby Circuit Court on Brierly’s motion, because Alusuisse had failed to introduce evidence to establish complete diversity by showing that Ellison was no longer a citizen of Kentucky. Alusuisse then filed a motion to reconsider, which the district court denied, based on its conclusion that 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d) divested it from jurisdiction to consider such a motion after having remanded the case. At the same time it filed the motion to reconsider, Alusuisse also filed a second notice of removal. The district court again remanded the case, holding that the party that seeks to remove an action has the burden to present evidence of diversity in response to a motion to remand.
Ellison did not consent to either of Alu-suisse’s notices of removal or the motion to reconsider because he had not yet been served at the time Alusuisse filed these papers. Brierly had attempted to serve Ellison in Shelby County early in the proceedings but had been unsuccessful because Ellison had already left the state for Wisconsin. The district court noted that *531 Brierly had obtained the new business address of Ellison from Alusuisse in August 1994, but could not еffect service upon him until late October 1995 because the district court had ordered a stay of proceedings in the case until it resolved the motion to remand. On November 10, 1995, Brierly filed an amended complaint and effected service upon Ellison. On November 30, 1995, within 30 days of being served, Ellison filed a notice of removal on the basis of diversity, and Alusuisse filed a notice of its consent to Ellison’s removal on the same day. On January 30, 1996, the district court denied Brierly’s motion to remand, taking judicial notice of Ellison’s affidavit, in which he represented that he was a resident of Wisсonsin at the time the original action was filed and thereby established complete diversity of the parties. On September 4, 1997, the district court granted Alusuisse’s and Ellison’s motions for summary judgment, and the plaintiff now appeals that order.
DISCUSSION
I. Jurisdiction
Brierly argues that the district court’s first order of remand divested it of all jurisdiction in this case, precluding it from later deciding, in the context of a second attempt to remove, that it did, in fact, have jurisdiction to hear the case. This question is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) and (d). Subsection (c) provides in pertinent part that “[i]f at any time before final judgment it appеars that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” Subsection (d) precludes reviewing such remand orders, providing that “[a]n order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise....”
Although we have not previously addressed this specific issue, the language in § 1447(d) has been universally construed in other circuits to preclude further reconsideration ' or review of a district court’s order remanding a case, because a remand to state court divests a district court of jurisdiction such that it may not take any further action on the case. 1
We recognize, as the Fourth Circuit noted in
In re Lowe,
II. The 30-Day Time Limitation of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)
Having determined that the district court had jurisdiction to consider Ellison’s petition for removal, the next question we must consider is whether, in cases with multiple defendants served at different times, the last-served defendant is allowed a full 30 days after being served to remove or, instead, only has 30 days from time the first defendant is served. The question is оne of first impression in this circuit and one that has divided our sister courts. 2 Our analysis begins with the statutory language. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b):
The notice of removal of a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within thirty days after the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based, or within thirty days after the service of summons upon the defendant if such initial pleading has then been filed in court and is not required to be served on the defendant, whichever period is shorter....
The statutory language itself contemplates only one defendant and thus does not answer the question of how to calculate the timing for removal in the event that multiple defendants are served at different times, one or more' of them outside the original 30-day period.
Faced with slightly different factual settings, the courts have reached varying results by emphasizing the policy underlying the statute. For example, in
Brown v. Demco, Inc.,
The general rule has been criticized as unfair.... [W]e do not perceive the suggested unfairness to the subsequently added defendant who is merely not granted an opportunity that might have been available to others. A defendant who is added to a case in which a co-defendant has failed to seek removal is in no worse position than it would have *533 been in if the co-defendant had opposed removal or were domiciled in the same state as the plaintiff. To permit the defendants in this case to obtain removal after they have tested state-court waters for four years would give them a second opportunity to forum-shop and further delay the progress of the suit. The unfairness of this to the plaintiff outweighs the unfairness, if any, to the last-joined defendant. The forum for a suit ought to be settled at some time early in the litigation.
Brown,
The Fourth Circuit, by contrast, has held that “individual defendants have thirty days from the time they are served with process or with a complaint to join in an otherwise valid removal petition.”
McKinney v. Board of Trustees of Mayland Community College,
The facts in this case are somewhat different than the facts before the McKinney court in that the earlier-served defendants in McKinney had a valid petition for removal pending at the time the later-served defendant joined in the removal petition, whereas the earlier-served defendant in the case at bar had failed in its attempts to remove the case when the later-served defendant filed a new removal petition. Nonetheless, we find that thе policy considerations articulated by the Fourth Circuit in McKinney are equally applicable to the facts before this court.
Furthermore, as a matter of statutory construction, holding that the time for removal commences for all purposes upon service of the first defendant would require us to insert “first” before “defendant” into the language of the statute. See id. We are naturally reluctant to read additional words into the statute, however. If Congress had intended the 30-day removal period to commence upon service of the first defendant, it could have easily so provided. For that reason, and as a matter of fairnеss to later-served defendants, we hold that a later-served defendant has 30 days from the date of service to remove a case to federal district court, with the consent of the remaining defendants. 3
*534 III. The One-Year Limitation ■ of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)
In addition to the 30-day time limitation provided by the first paragraph of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b), set out in the preceding section of this opinion, the second paragraph of § 1446(b) provides an additional one-year time limit on removal:
If the case stated by the initial pleading is not removable, a notice of removal may be filed within thirty days after receipt by the. defendant, through service or otherwise, of a • copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other páper from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable, except that a case may not be removed on the basis of jurisdiction conferred by section 1382 of this title more than 1 year after commencement of the action.
28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (emphasis added).
“[I]n diversity actions Rule 3 [of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] governs the date from which various timing requirements of the Federal Rules begin to run.”
Walker v. Armco Steel Corp.,
As framed by the court in
Ritchey,
the question is basically whether the exception stated in the second paragraph of § 1446(b) applies to the entire subsection, or only to the second paragraph, quoted above.
See Ritchey,
Nevertheless, in this case we are constrained by the plain language of the statutory provision. Based upon ordinary language usage, the qualifying clause— “except that a case may not be removed on the basis of jurisdiction conferred by section 1332 of this title more than 1 year after- commencement of the action” can only be interpreted to modify the antecedent clause to which it is attached, and not previous sections of the text. If Congress had intended to place a one-year limitation on removal of all diversity cases, it surely would have chosen less obscure and coun
*535
ter-intuitive wording to accomplish that purpose. In addition, the policy discussion found within the legislative history provides support for this interpretation.
See Ritchey,
IV. The Motion for Summary Judgment
The district court granted the defendants’ motions for summary judgment on the basis of the exclusive-remedy provision of the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act that applies to workplace injuries:
If an employer secures payment of compensation as required by this chapter, the liability of such employer under this chapter shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer to the employee, his legal representative, husband or wife, parents, dependents, next of kin, and anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages from such employer at law or in admiralty on account of such injury or death....
Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 342.690(1) (Michie 1997). The plaintiff, however, argues that this case falls within the “deliberate intention” exception to the exclusivity of remedies established by the Act. Kentucky Revised Statute 342.610(4) provides that an employee or his dependents can file a civil action against his employer if “the injury or death results to the employee through the deliberate intention of his employer to produce such injury or death.” Based on the facts in the record before us, we cannot agree.
The plaintiff contends that Alusuisse’s intent to kill Brierly can be inferred from the circumstances surrounding his death. But, as the district court noted, “[t]he statutory standard ... requires more than implied intent; it requires ‘deliberate intention.’ ” In support of this proposition, the court cited
Fryman v. Electric Steam Radiator Carp.,
We conclude that the district court, relying on controlling state law, correctly concluded that the plaintiffs allegations are insufficient to meet the specific or deliberate intent exception to the exclusive-remedy provisions of the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act. The defendants took many precautions, albeit clearly not enough, and placed Brierly furthest away from the washer in the “fire watch” line. As the district court noted,
... if Brierly’s death was intended, an explosion such as this seems like a strange, clumsy, and unreliable way to carry it out. Significantly, it was Reinhold Ritzi, who was not in charge of the operation, that determined Brierly’s position in the room at the time of the explosion. It seems far fetched that Alusuisse would decide to kill Brierly by creating a spark with a welding rod so *536 as to set off an explosion in an аdjacent machine' which would then blow off a sealed 350-pound steel door that would strike and kill Brierly.
In light of the Kentucky Supreme Court precedent interpreting the phrase “deliberate intention,” we conclude that the plaintiff did not present evidence to the district court from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Alusuisse deliberately intended to cause Brierly’s death.
See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
Likewise, the Kentucky Worker’s Compensation Act provides the exclusive remedy against a fellow employee whose actions cause him injury or death:
The exemption from liability given an employer by this section shall also extend to such employer’s ... employees ... provided the exemption from liability given an employee ... shall not apply in any case where the injury or death is proximately caused by the willful and unprovoked physical aggression of such employee....
Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 342.690(1) (Michie 1997). As the district court held, the plaintiff has not alleged that Ellison intentionally and physically attacked him and, on the facts of this case, he does not fall within the statutory exception.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set out above, we conclude that the district court had jurisdiction over this action because it was properly removed from state court by the later-served defendant, Ellison, with the consent of Alusuisse; that the removal was timely because the one-year limitation on removal does not apрly m this case; and that summary judgment was properly awarded to the defendants. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in all respects.
Notes
.
See, e.g., United States v. Rice,
. The two leading treatises also diverge in their recommendations of how to resolve this legal issue. Wright & Miller recommend permitting a later-served defendant 30 days to remove, whereas Moore's Federal Practice recommends that the 30-day time limit should begin to run from service on the first defendant. See 14C Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction § 3739 at 336-39 (3d ed.1998); Moore's Federal Practice § 107 — 30[3][a] (3d ed.1997).
. Our holding on this issue raises the question of whether Alusuisse, who had previously failed in its attempts to remove the case to district court within the 30-day time limitation, could consent to Ellison’s petition to remove the case. It appears that none of our sister circuits have addressed this issue. The rule of unanimity requires that in order for a notice of removal to be properly before the court, all defendants who have been served or
*534
otherwise properly joined in the action must either join in the removal, or file a written consent to the removal. We conclude that a first-served defendant can consent to a later-served defendant's removal petition, despite having already failed in its own efforts to remove. Given the rule of unanimity, holding otherwise would vitiate the removal application of the later-served defendants and thereby nullify our holding that later-served defendants are entitled to 30 days to remove the case to district court.
See Freeman v. Bechtel,
. In support of his argument that the one-year limitation applies to all diversity actions, Bri-erly cites the Supreme Court's recent opinion in
Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis,
in which the Court
commented
that ''Dn]o case, however, may be removed from state to federal court based on diversity of citizenship 'more than 1 year after commencement of the action.' ”